1 00:01:03,634 --> 00:01:07,905 [ TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWS ] 2 00:01:07,972 --> 00:01:12,710 CONFIDENCE GOES A LONG WAY TOWARD SUCCESS. 3 00:01:12,777 --> 00:01:16,847 AND THE CONFIDENCE OF THESE WESTERNERS IS SUPERB. 4 00:01:16,914 --> 00:01:19,383 I HAPPENED, IN SEPTEMBER OF 1883, 5 00:01:19,450 --> 00:01:22,403 TO BE IN THE CITY OF BISMARCK, IN DAKOTA, 6 00:01:22,469 --> 00:01:23,971 WHEN THIS YOUNG SETTLEMENT 7 00:01:24,038 --> 00:01:27,525 WAS LAYING THE CORNERSTONE OF ITS CAPITAL. 8 00:01:27,592 --> 00:01:31,111 THE TOWN WAS THEN ONLY SOME FIVE YEARS OLD, 9 00:01:31,178 --> 00:01:34,665 AND WAS GAILY DECORATED FOR THE OCCASION. 10 00:01:34,733 --> 00:01:37,752 IN ONE OF THE SPEECHES 11 00:01:37,818 --> 00:01:41,372 IT WAS PROVED THAT AS BISMARCK WAS THE CENTER OF DAKOTA, 12 00:01:41,439 --> 00:01:44,492 DAKOTA THE CENTER OF THE UNITED STATES, 13 00:01:44,558 --> 00:01:48,629 AND THE UNITED STATES THE CENTER OF THE WORLD, 14 00:01:48,696 --> 00:01:52,834 BISMARCK WAS DESTINED TO BE THE METROPOLITAN HEARTH 15 00:01:52,900 --> 00:01:55,336 OF THE WORLD'S CIVILIZATION. 16 00:01:55,402 --> 00:01:58,256 HOWEVER, THE FEATURE OF THE CEREMONIAL 17 00:01:58,322 --> 00:02:00,725 WHICH STRUCK US EUROPEANS MOST 18 00:02:00,792 --> 00:02:03,544 WAS THE SPOT CHOSEN FOR THE CAPITAL. 19 00:02:03,611 --> 00:02:07,916 IT WAS NOT IN THE CITY, NOR EVEN ON THE SKIRTS OF THE CITY. 20 00:02:07,982 --> 00:02:11,835 IT WAS NEARLY A MILE OFF, ON THE TOP OF A HILL 21 00:02:11,902 --> 00:02:14,823 IN THE BROWN AND DUSTY PRAIRIE. 22 00:02:14,889 --> 00:02:16,174 "WHY HERE?" WE ASKED. 23 00:02:16,240 --> 00:02:19,627 "IS IT BECAUSE YOU MEAN TO ENCLOSE THE BUILDING 24 00:02:19,694 --> 00:02:21,178 IN A PUBLIC PARK?" 25 00:02:21,245 --> 00:02:23,665 "BY NO MEANS," WAS THE ANSWER. 26 00:02:23,731 --> 00:02:27,968 "THE CAPITAL IS INTENDED TO BE IN THE CENTER OF THE CITY." 27 00:02:28,035 --> 00:02:31,922 "IT IS IN THIS DIRECTION THAT THE CITY IS TO GROW." 28 00:02:31,989 --> 00:02:34,025 IT IS THE SAME EVERYWHERE 29 00:02:34,091 --> 00:02:37,178 FROM THE PACIFIC TO THE MISSISSIPPI. 30 00:02:37,244 --> 00:02:39,814 MEN SEEM TO LIVE IN THE FUTURE 31 00:02:39,881 --> 00:02:42,050 RATHER THAN IN THE PRESENT. 32 00:02:42,116 --> 00:02:45,536 THEY SEE THE COUNTRY NOT MERELY AS IT IS, 33 00:02:45,603 --> 00:02:53,244 BUT AS IT WILL BE 20, 50, 100 YEARS HENCE -- 34 00:02:53,310 --> 00:02:55,980 LORD JAMES BRYCE. 35 00:03:06,741 --> 00:03:12,880 [ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ] 36 00:03:22,256 --> 00:03:27,411 [ DRUM BEATS, CHANTING CONTINUES ] 37 00:03:36,020 --> 00:03:41,125 [ MORE VOICES ADDED TO CHANTING ] 38 00:04:00,411 --> 00:04:04,649 Narrator: BY 1877, THE AMERICAN CONQUEST OF THE WEST 39 00:04:04,715 --> 00:04:06,784 WAS NEARLY COMPLETE. 40 00:04:06,851 --> 00:04:12,073 FOR EVERY INDIAN IN THE WEST, THERE WERE NOW NEARLY 40 WHITES. 41 00:04:12,140 --> 00:04:15,827 AND AS THE INDIAN WARS DREW TO A CLOSE, 42 00:04:15,893 --> 00:04:21,131 THE LAST OBSTACLES TO AMERICAN DOMINATION DROPPED AWAY, 43 00:04:21,198 --> 00:04:25,853 AND THE COUNTRY READIED ITSELF TO ASSERT CONTROL 44 00:04:25,919 --> 00:04:28,322 OVER THE ENTIRE REGION. 45 00:04:30,457 --> 00:04:33,227 BETWEEN 1877 AND 1887, 46 00:04:33,294 --> 00:04:37,982 4 1/2 MILLION MORE PEOPLE CAME WEST. 47 00:04:38,048 --> 00:04:41,736 ALMOST HALF SETTLED ON THE WESTERN PLAINS, 48 00:04:41,802 --> 00:04:44,304 CREATING NEW TOWNS IN A REGION 49 00:04:44,371 --> 00:04:48,509 ONCE THOUGHT TOO HARSH FOR HUMAN HABITATION -- 50 00:04:48,576 --> 00:04:50,711 BISMARCK AND CHAMPION, 51 00:04:50,778 --> 00:04:55,666 EPIPHANY, WAHOO, AND NICODEMUS. 52 00:04:55,733 --> 00:05:01,256 SOME CAME SEEKING FREEDOM, LAND OF THEIR OWN, 53 00:05:01,322 --> 00:05:05,076 AND OPPORTUNITIES THEY COULDN'T FIND IN THE EAST. 54 00:05:05,143 --> 00:05:12,166 WHILE OTHERS FOUND IN THE WEST A PLACE TO CHANGE THEMSELVES, 55 00:05:12,232 --> 00:05:16,319 BECOME SOMEONE ELSE, START OVER. 56 00:05:37,942 --> 00:05:43,197 BUT AS MORE AND MORE AMERICANS ARRIVED, 57 00:05:43,264 --> 00:05:47,534 THERE WAS LESS AND LESS ROOM FOR THOSE WHO DIDN'T CONFORM. 58 00:05:47,601 --> 00:05:51,388 INDIANS WERE EXPECTED TO CHANGE OVERNIGHT... 59 00:05:51,455 --> 00:05:56,026 TO FORGET THEIR OLD WAYS, AND MAKE THEMSELVES OVER 60 00:05:56,093 --> 00:05:59,397 IN THE IMAGE OF THEIR CONQUERORS. 61 00:05:59,464 --> 00:06:02,967 THE CHINESE, WHO HAD DONE MORE THAN ALMOST ANYONE 62 00:06:03,033 --> 00:06:06,604 TO CONNECT THE WEST TO THE REST OF THE NATION 63 00:06:06,671 --> 00:06:10,557 WOULD BE TOLD THAT THEY WERE NO LONGER WELCOME 64 00:06:10,624 --> 00:06:13,160 ANYWHERE IN THE UNITED STATES. 65 00:06:13,227 --> 00:06:18,082 MEXICAN-AMERICANS WERE OVERWHELMED BY THE NEWCOMERS, 66 00:06:18,148 --> 00:06:22,853 EVEN IN TOWNS THEY HAD LIVED IN FOR CENTURIES, 67 00:06:22,919 --> 00:06:28,526 WHILE THE MORMONS WERE FORCED TO SURRENDER PART OF THEIR RELIGION 68 00:06:28,592 --> 00:06:33,330 IN ORDER TO SAVE THE REST OF IT. 69 00:06:35,999 --> 00:06:39,370 BUT EVEN AS AMERICANS TRIED TO TAME THE WEST, 70 00:06:39,436 --> 00:06:42,923 THEY PREFERRED TO REMEMBER A GAUDIER VERSION 71 00:06:42,989 --> 00:06:47,061 FULL OF VIOLENCE, ADVENTURE, AND MOST OF ALL, ROMANCE -- 72 00:06:47,127 --> 00:06:50,164 A WILD WEST. 73 00:06:50,231 --> 00:06:53,367 AND YET, BETWEEN 1877 AND 1887, 74 00:06:53,433 --> 00:06:57,705 AMERICANS WOULD COME TO LEARN FIRSTHAND 75 00:06:57,771 --> 00:07:02,159 JUST HOW WILD THE WEST COULD REALLY BE, 76 00:07:02,226 --> 00:07:07,164 AND THAT NO CONQUEST COULD EVER BE COMPLETE. 77 00:07:18,141 --> 00:07:21,896 Man: THE WEST IS ABOUT POSSIBILITIES. 78 00:07:21,962 --> 00:07:23,864 AND SOMETIMES, THE PRICE OF SUCCESS 79 00:07:23,931 --> 00:07:25,649 OF ONE GROUP'S POSSIBILITIES 80 00:07:25,716 --> 00:07:29,186 IS GOING TO BE THE ENDING OF POSSIBILITIES FOR ANOTHER GROUP. 81 00:07:29,253 --> 00:07:31,922 AMERICANS AREN'T WRONG IN SEEING THE WEST 82 00:07:31,989 --> 00:07:33,608 AS THE LAND OF THE FUTURE, 83 00:07:33,674 --> 00:07:37,411 OF SEEING A LAND IN WHICH ASTONISHING THINGS ARE POSSIBLE. 84 00:07:37,477 --> 00:07:39,746 WHAT THEY OFTENAREWRONG ABOUT 85 00:07:39,813 --> 00:07:43,367 IS THAT THERE'S NO PRICE TO BE PAID FOR THAT, 86 00:07:43,433 --> 00:07:47,571 THAT EVERYBODY CAN SUCCEED, OR THAT EVEN WHAT SUCCEEDS 87 00:07:47,638 --> 00:07:51,258 IS NECESSARILY THE BEST FOR EVERYONE CONCERNED. 88 00:07:51,342 --> 00:07:54,962 THE WEST IS MUCH MORE COMPLICATED THAN THAT. 89 00:08:08,009 --> 00:08:14,281 ♪ OH, DOWN ON ME ♪ 90 00:08:14,365 --> 00:08:18,903 ♪ DOWN ON ME ♪ 91 00:08:18,969 --> 00:08:27,794 ♪ LOOK LIKE EVERYBODY ALL 'ROUND THE WORLD DOWN ON ME ♪ 92 00:08:27,861 --> 00:08:30,681 IN A FIT OF MADNESS I ONE DAY SAID TO THE MAN 93 00:08:30,748 --> 00:08:32,916 I WAS RENTING FROM, "IT'S NO USE." 94 00:08:32,983 --> 00:08:35,152 "I WORKS HARD AND RAISES BIG CROPS, 95 00:08:35,218 --> 00:08:37,387 "AND YOU SELL IT AND KEEPS THE MONEY, 96 00:08:37,454 --> 00:08:39,974 AND BRINGS ME MORE AND MORE IN DEBT. 97 00:08:40,041 --> 00:08:43,927 "SO, I WILL GO SOMEWHERE ELSE AND TRY TO MAKE HEADWAY 98 00:08:43,994 --> 00:08:45,829 LIKE WHITE WORKING MEN." 99 00:08:45,896 --> 00:08:48,315 SO, I TOLD MY WIFE AND SHE SAYS, 100 00:08:48,382 --> 00:08:51,535 "LET US TAKE TO THE WOODS IN THE NIGHT TIME." 101 00:08:51,601 --> 00:08:55,205 WELL, WE TOOK TO THE WOODS, MY WIFE AND FOUR CHILDREN, 102 00:08:55,272 --> 00:08:58,258 AND WE WAS THREE WEEKS LIVING IN THE WOODS 103 00:08:58,325 --> 00:08:59,677 WAITING FOR A BOAT. 104 00:08:59,743 --> 00:09:02,079 THEN A GREAT MANY MORE BLACK PEOPLE CAME, 105 00:09:02,145 --> 00:09:04,481 AND WE WAS ALL TOGETHER AT THE LANDING. 106 00:09:04,548 --> 00:09:08,368 BEFORE LONG, THEGRAND TOWERHOVE UP, 107 00:09:08,452 --> 00:09:10,537 AND WE GOT ON BOARD. 108 00:09:10,621 --> 00:09:14,641 SAYS THE CAPTAIN, "WHERE IS YOU GOIN'?" 109 00:09:14,708 --> 00:09:16,543 SAYS I, "KANSAS" -- 110 00:09:16,610 --> 00:09:20,948 JOHN SOLOMON LEWIS. 111 00:09:21,015 --> 00:09:25,819 Narrator: IN 1877, THE LAST FEDERAL TROOPS 112 00:09:25,886 --> 00:09:29,206 WERE WITHDRAWN FROM THE SOUTH. 113 00:09:29,272 --> 00:09:32,159 RECONSTRUCTION COLLAPSED, 114 00:09:32,243 --> 00:09:35,512 AND NEW STATE LAWS BEGAN TO RESTRICT 115 00:09:35,579 --> 00:09:37,881 THE RIGHTS OF FREED SLAVES. 116 00:09:37,948 --> 00:09:41,435 AFRICAN AMERICANS FOUND THEMSELVES ONCE AGAIN 117 00:09:41,502 --> 00:09:44,721 IN THE POWER OF THEIR FORMER MASTERS. 118 00:09:44,788 --> 00:09:49,226 SOME FAVORED EMIGRATING TO LIBERIA, IN AFRICA, 119 00:09:49,293 --> 00:09:51,795 OR NORTHWARD INTO CANADA. 120 00:09:51,862 --> 00:09:55,466 TO OTHERS, THE OPEN SPACES OF THE WEST 121 00:09:55,532 --> 00:09:59,052 SEEMED TO OFFER MORE IMMEDIATE HOPE. 122 00:09:59,119 --> 00:10:03,207 CONDITIONS MIGHT BE BETTER A HUNDRED YEARS FROM NOW, 123 00:10:03,273 --> 00:10:07,077 WHEN ALL THE PRESENT GENERATION'S DEAD AND GONE, 124 00:10:07,144 --> 00:10:09,746 BUT NOT AFORE, SIR, NOT AFORE. 125 00:10:09,813 --> 00:10:13,717 AND WHAT'S GOING TO BE A HUNDRED YEARS FROM NOW 126 00:10:13,783 --> 00:10:16,053 AIN'T MUCH ACCOUNT TO US. 127 00:10:16,120 --> 00:10:19,706 THE WHITES HAS THE LANDS AND THE SENSE, 128 00:10:19,773 --> 00:10:23,777 AND THE BLACKS HAS NOTHING BUT THEIR FREEDOM. 129 00:10:23,844 --> 00:10:27,781 AND IT'S JUST LIKE A DREAM TO THEM -- 130 00:10:27,848 --> 00:10:31,335 PAP SINGLETON. 131 00:10:31,402 --> 00:10:34,121 Narrator: BENJAMIN "PAP" SINGLETON 132 00:10:34,188 --> 00:10:36,440 WAS AN EX-SLAVE FROM TENNESSEE 133 00:10:36,507 --> 00:10:40,777 WHO BELIEVED HIMSELF APPOINTED BY GOD TO RESCUE HIS PEOPLE. 134 00:10:40,844 --> 00:10:45,215 HE HAD BECOME CONVINCED THAT THERE WAS NO FUTURE FOR BLACKS 135 00:10:45,265 --> 00:10:47,251 UNLESS THEY LEFT THE SOUTH 136 00:10:47,317 --> 00:10:51,772 AND FORMED THEIR OWN INDEPENDENT COMMUNITIES IN THE WEST. 137 00:10:51,839 --> 00:10:56,611 Woman: KANSAS SEEMED LIKE AN IDEAL PLACE 138 00:10:56,677 --> 00:10:59,095 FOR PEOPLE WHO WERE DISILLUSIONED 139 00:10:59,162 --> 00:11:02,916 WITH THE BLACK CODES THAT HAD BEEN PASSED IN THE SOUTH, 140 00:11:02,982 --> 00:11:05,552 THE MEANNESS OF THE KU KLUX KLAN, 141 00:11:05,619 --> 00:11:08,205 THE MEANNESS OF THE SHARECROPPERS 142 00:11:08,271 --> 00:11:12,025 WHO REALLY WEREN'T SHARING THE WAY THEY HAD AGREED. 143 00:11:12,092 --> 00:11:14,778 AND THESE ARE THE PEOPLE WHO PAID $5, 144 00:11:14,845 --> 00:11:18,599 FIVE BUCKS TO PAP SINGLETON TO COME UP THE RIVER 145 00:11:18,665 --> 00:11:20,534 TO A NEW LIFE IN KANSAS. 146 00:11:20,601 --> 00:11:24,871 Man: THE WEST HAS ALWAYS BEEN SEEN AS A PLACE OF OPPORTUNITY, 147 00:11:24,938 --> 00:11:29,143 AND THIS WAS CERTAINLY AS TRUE FOR PEOPLE OF AFRICAN DESCENT 148 00:11:29,209 --> 00:11:30,527 AS FOR ANYBODY ELSE. 149 00:11:30,593 --> 00:11:34,698 SINGLETON AND OTHER LEADERS WEREN'T NECESSARILY DOING IT 150 00:11:34,765 --> 00:11:37,067 FOR PURELY ALTRUISTIC REASONS. 151 00:11:37,134 --> 00:11:40,220 LIKE A LOT OF GREAT WESTERNERS, THEY WERE SPECULATORS IN LAND 152 00:11:40,287 --> 00:11:42,189 AND HOPED TO MAKE THEIR FORTUNES. 153 00:11:42,256 --> 00:11:48,295 BUT THEY DID HAVE A VISION OF A PLACE 154 00:11:48,361 --> 00:11:51,614 WHERE PEOPLE OF COLOR COULD BREATHE FREE, 155 00:11:51,681 --> 00:11:53,233 COULD BE A PART OF THE WEST 156 00:11:53,300 --> 00:11:56,671 AND ALL OF THOSE THINGS THAT THE WEST HAS COME TO MEAN, 157 00:11:56,737 --> 00:11:58,689 BOTH AT THAT TIME AND SINCE. 158 00:12:02,176 --> 00:12:06,614 Narrator: THE BLACK EMIGRANTS CALLED THEMSELVES "EXODUSTERS," 159 00:12:06,680 --> 00:12:09,833 BECAUSE, LIKE THE OLD TESTAMENT HEBREWS, 160 00:12:09,900 --> 00:12:14,470 THEY BELIEVED THEIR SALVATION LAY IN REACHING A PROMISED LAND. 161 00:12:14,538 --> 00:12:18,775 SOON, BLACKS WERE SCATTERED ACROSS EASTERN KANSAS, 162 00:12:18,842 --> 00:12:21,345 AND THEIR HOPEFUL LETTERS HOME 163 00:12:21,411 --> 00:12:25,015 WERE BEING READ ALOUD IN BLACK CHURCHES. 164 00:12:25,082 --> 00:12:27,383 THEN, IN THE SPRING OF 1879, 165 00:12:27,450 --> 00:12:31,688 A RUMOR RACED THROUGH AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITIES 166 00:12:31,755 --> 00:12:33,924 THROUGHOUT THE DEEP SOUTH 167 00:12:33,990 --> 00:12:38,529 THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAD SET ASIDE ALL OF KANSAS 168 00:12:38,596 --> 00:12:40,196 FOR FORMER SLAVES, 169 00:12:40,263 --> 00:12:44,434 PROVIDING EVERY BLACK FAMILY THAT COULD GET THERE 170 00:12:44,501 --> 00:12:46,870 WITH FREE LAND AND $500. 171 00:12:46,937 --> 00:12:49,139 IT WASN'T TRUE, 172 00:12:49,206 --> 00:12:54,228 BUT IT WAS ENOUGH TO CONVINCE SOME 6,000 PEOPLE TO START WEST. 173 00:12:54,294 --> 00:12:57,831 SOME WENT BY RIVERBOAT AS FAR AS ST. LOUIS. 174 00:12:57,915 --> 00:13:01,201 OTHERS, TOO POOR TO PAY THEIR PASSAGE, 175 00:13:01,268 --> 00:13:05,739 WALKED THE WHOLE WAY. 176 00:13:05,806 --> 00:13:07,708 ♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪ 177 00:13:07,774 --> 00:13:11,194 ♪ SHINE LIKE A STAR IN THE MORNIN' ♪ 178 00:13:11,261 --> 00:13:12,295 ♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪ 179 00:13:12,362 --> 00:13:15,648 ♪ ALL AROUND THE CENTER OF GOD ♪ 180 00:13:15,716 --> 00:13:18,568 [ HARMONICA PLAYS ] 181 00:13:24,758 --> 00:13:25,825 ♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪ 182 00:13:25,892 --> 00:13:29,196 ♪ SHINE LIKE A STAR IN THE MORNIN' ♪ 183 00:13:29,262 --> 00:13:30,314 ♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪ 184 00:13:30,381 --> 00:13:33,183 ♪ ALL AROUND THE CENTER OF GOD ♪♪ 185 00:13:33,249 --> 00:13:34,268 ♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪ 186 00:13:34,334 --> 00:13:38,005 ♪ SHINE LIKE A STAR IN THE MORNIN' ♪ 187 00:13:38,072 --> 00:13:40,524 ♪ SHINE, SHINE, SHINE ♪ 188 00:13:40,590 --> 00:13:45,795 ♪ ALL AROUND THE CENTER OF GOD ♪ 189 00:13:45,862 --> 00:13:49,199 GOVERNOR'S MANSION, TOPEKA, KANSAS. 190 00:13:49,266 --> 00:13:50,667 LAST SATURDAY, I HAD A CALL 191 00:13:50,734 --> 00:13:54,104 FROM A DELEGATION OF 100 LEADING COLORED MEN 192 00:13:54,170 --> 00:13:57,207 FROM THE STATES OF MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA. 193 00:13:57,258 --> 00:13:59,592 THEY SAID THAT THEY HAD RATHER DIE 194 00:13:59,659 --> 00:14:03,146 IN THE ATTEMPT TO REACH THE LAND WHERE THEY CAN BE FREE, 195 00:14:03,214 --> 00:14:06,399 THAN TO LIVE AND DIE IN THE SOUTH ANY LONGER -- 196 00:14:06,467 --> 00:14:11,038 GOVERNOR JOHN P. ST. JOHN. 197 00:14:11,105 --> 00:14:16,210 Narrator: BY 1880, MORE THAN 15,000 AFRICAN AMERICANS 198 00:14:16,276 --> 00:14:19,763 HAD MIGRATED TO KANSAS. 199 00:14:19,829 --> 00:14:23,716 MOST OF THEM SETTLED ON FARMS AND IN SMALL COMMUNITIES 200 00:14:23,801 --> 00:14:27,921 LIKE JUNIPER TOWN, DUNLAP, RATTLEBONE HOLLOW, 201 00:14:27,988 --> 00:14:30,123 AND NICODEMUS. 202 00:14:36,529 --> 00:14:39,717 Man:WHEN I LANDED ON THE SOIL OF KANSAS, 203 00:14:39,783 --> 00:14:44,187 I LOOKED ON THE GROUND AND I SAYS, "THIS IS FREE GROUND." 204 00:14:44,254 --> 00:14:47,507 THEN I LOOKED ON THE HEAVENS, AND I SAYS, 205 00:14:47,573 --> 00:14:50,494 "THEM IS FREE AND BEAUTIFUL HEAVENS." 206 00:14:50,561 --> 00:14:53,196 THEN I LOOKED WITHIN MY HEART, 207 00:14:53,263 --> 00:14:58,068 AND I SAYS TO MYSELF, "I WONDER WHY I WAS NEVER FREE BEFORE?" 208 00:14:58,135 --> 00:15:00,353 I SAID, "LET US HOLD A LITTLE PRAYER MEETING 209 00:15:00,420 --> 00:15:01,972 ON THE RIVERBANK." 210 00:15:02,039 --> 00:15:05,608 IT WAS RAINING, BUT THE DROPS FELL FROM HEAVEN 211 00:15:05,675 --> 00:15:07,194 ON A FREE FAMILY, 212 00:15:07,261 --> 00:15:11,030 AND THE MEETING WAS JUST AS GOOD AS SUNSHINE. 213 00:15:11,097 --> 00:15:12,783 WE WAS THANKFUL TO GOD, 214 00:15:12,849 --> 00:15:16,820 AND WE PRAYED FOR THOSE WHO COULD NOT COME. 215 00:15:16,886 --> 00:15:19,873 I ASKED MY WIFE, DID SHE KNOW THE GROUND SHE STANDS ON? 216 00:15:19,940 --> 00:15:26,513 SHE SAID, "NO." I SAID, "IT IS FREE GROUND." 217 00:15:26,580 --> 00:15:30,000 AND SHE CRIED FOR JOY. 218 00:15:45,198 --> 00:15:49,102 Man: THE WEST HAS ALWAYS BEEN, AND IT WILL ALWAYS BE, 219 00:15:49,169 --> 00:15:52,522 A PLACE WHERE THERE'S A STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE, 220 00:15:52,588 --> 00:15:56,860 AND WHERE NATURE STRIKES HEAVY BLOWS AT YOU. 221 00:15:56,927 --> 00:16:00,714 BUT I THINK THAT'S PART OF THE WEST. 222 00:16:00,797 --> 00:16:02,649 THAT'S GEOGRAPHY. 223 00:16:02,716 --> 00:16:07,554 AND I THINK PART OF THAT CONQUERING OF THE WEST 224 00:16:07,621 --> 00:16:11,208 SEEPED INTO THE AMERICAN CHARACTER. 225 00:16:11,274 --> 00:16:16,696 IN MANY WAYS, THE WEST HAS BEEN A GEOGRAPHY OF HOPE 226 00:16:16,763 --> 00:16:19,749 FOR THE COUNTRY AS A WHOLE. 227 00:16:23,020 --> 00:16:26,873 Narrator: FOR 40 YEARS, AS AMERICANS MOVED WEST, 228 00:16:26,940 --> 00:16:31,045 THE WESTERN PLAINS OF KANSAS, NEBRASKA, AND THE DAKOTAS 229 00:16:31,111 --> 00:16:32,713 WERE PASSED OVER. 230 00:16:32,780 --> 00:16:35,882 WITH BETTER LAND AVAILABLE ELSEWHERE, 231 00:16:35,966 --> 00:16:39,486 THEY WERE CONSIDERED TOO DRY FOR HOMESTEADING. 232 00:16:39,552 --> 00:16:41,688 BUT NOW, THE HUNGER FOR LAND 233 00:16:41,755 --> 00:16:45,542 REACHED EVEN INTO THESE INHOSPITABLE PLACES. 234 00:16:45,608 --> 00:16:49,679 THE RAILROADS AND THE STATES OUTDID THEMSELVES 235 00:16:49,746 --> 00:16:51,848 TO LURE NEW SETTLERS. 236 00:16:51,915 --> 00:16:55,519 Man: IT WAS ONE OF THE GREATEST CON JOBS IN HISTORY. 237 00:16:55,586 --> 00:16:58,405 THEY HAD A PROMOTIONAL CAMPAIGN IN NEBRASKA 238 00:16:58,471 --> 00:17:02,258 THAT I THINK WAS SPENDING A MILLION BUCKS A YEAR 239 00:17:02,325 --> 00:17:07,247 BACK WHEN YOU COULD BUY A FANCY FIVE-COURSE DINNER FOR $1.25. 240 00:17:07,314 --> 00:17:09,850 I MEAN, IT WAS ADVERTISING. 241 00:17:09,916 --> 00:17:11,984 THEY HAD THEIR OWN MAGAZINES, BROCHURES, 242 00:17:12,051 --> 00:17:13,787 THEY HAD JOURNALISTS ON THE TAKE. 243 00:17:13,853 --> 00:17:15,472 I MEAN, IT WAS A PHENOMENON. 244 00:17:18,859 --> 00:17:22,829 AND IN ORDER TO SELL IT, THEY DESCRIBED THESE, YOU KNOW, 245 00:17:22,895 --> 00:17:27,033 BEAUTIFUL REGIONS WHERE YOU COULD RAISE A BOUNTIFUL HARVEST 246 00:17:27,100 --> 00:17:28,718 OF PRACTICALLY ANYTHING, 247 00:17:28,785 --> 00:17:31,638 AND SUMMER LINGERED INTO NOVEMBER, 248 00:17:31,704 --> 00:17:33,473 AND BY FEBRUARY, IT WAS ALREADY SPRING -- 249 00:17:33,539 --> 00:17:35,942 AND WE'RE TALKING ABOUT NEBRASKA, AND PLACES LIKE THAT! 250 00:17:36,009 --> 00:17:41,398 Narrator: AS IT HAPPENED, THE 1870s AND EARLY 1880s 251 00:17:41,464 --> 00:17:44,917 WEREUNUSUALLY WET YEARS IN THE WEST. 252 00:17:44,984 --> 00:17:48,839 THE PRAIRIES, PLOWED AND PLANTED FOR THE FIRST TIME, 253 00:17:48,905 --> 00:17:51,007 YIELDED BUMPER CROPS. 254 00:17:51,073 --> 00:17:53,242 PROMOTERS MADE THE MOST OF IT. 255 00:17:53,309 --> 00:17:56,980 "THE PLAINS MIGHT ONCE HAVE BEEN DESERT-LIKE," THEY SAID, 256 00:17:57,046 --> 00:17:59,082 "BUT NO LONGER." 257 00:17:59,149 --> 00:18:04,153 THE CLIMATE ITSELF, THEY PROMISED, HAD CHANGED FOR GOOD, 258 00:18:04,204 --> 00:18:09,343 AND IT WAS THE VERY PRESENCE OF SETTLERS THAT HAD CHANGED IT. 259 00:18:09,409 --> 00:18:12,896 THE PLOW WILL GO FORWARD. 260 00:18:12,962 --> 00:18:15,198 GODSPEED THE PLOW. 261 00:18:15,265 --> 00:18:17,400 BY THIS WONDERFUL PROVISION, 262 00:18:17,467 --> 00:18:20,520 WHICH IS ONLY MAN'S MASTERY OVER NATURE, 263 00:18:20,587 --> 00:18:23,607 THE CLOUDS ARE DISPENSING COPIOUS RAINS. 264 00:18:23,673 --> 00:18:26,275 THE PLOW IS MORE POWERFUL IN PEACE 265 00:18:26,342 --> 00:18:27,710 THAN THE SWORD IN WAR. 266 00:18:27,777 --> 00:18:32,316 THE INSTRUMENT WHICH SEPARATES CIVILIZATION FROM SAVAGERY 267 00:18:32,382 --> 00:18:37,187 AND CONVERTS A DESERT INTO A FARM OR GARDEN. 268 00:18:37,253 --> 00:18:42,109 TO BE MORE CONCISE, RAIN FOLLOWS THE PLOW -- 269 00:18:42,176 --> 00:18:44,811 CHARLES DANA WILBER. 270 00:18:44,878 --> 00:18:48,948 Narrator: WITHIN 10 YEARS, NEARLY TWO MILLION PEOPLE 271 00:18:49,015 --> 00:18:51,901 MIGRATED FARTHER ONTO THE PLAINS. 272 00:18:51,968 --> 00:18:56,673 THE POPULATIONS OF COLORADO AND NEBRASKA DOUBLED. 273 00:18:56,739 --> 00:19:01,578 SOUTH DAKOTA'S, MONTANA'S, AND WYOMING'S TRIPLED. 274 00:19:04,965 --> 00:19:09,736 BUT AS IT TURNED OUT, RAIN DIDNOTFOLLOW THE PLOW. 275 00:19:13,256 --> 00:19:15,976 THE WET YEARS CAME TO AN END. 276 00:19:16,042 --> 00:19:19,495 MANY PLACES ON THE HIGH PLAINS EMPTIED 277 00:19:19,562 --> 00:19:23,266 JUST AS QUICKLY AS THEY HAD FILLED WITH HOMESTEADERS. 278 00:19:23,333 --> 00:19:27,754 BUT SOME STUBBORNLY HUNG ON. 279 00:19:27,820 --> 00:19:30,807 Man: THERE'S NO QUESTION IN MY MIND 280 00:19:30,874 --> 00:19:34,027 THAT THE SETTLERS ARE THE REAL HEROES. 281 00:19:34,093 --> 00:19:35,712 YES, YES INDEED. 282 00:19:35,779 --> 00:19:39,765 IN THIS HARSH COUNTRY -- MUCH OF IT HARSH AND FORBIDDING 283 00:19:39,833 --> 00:19:42,135 AND DEMANDING, TOUGH COUNTRY -- 284 00:19:42,202 --> 00:19:44,754 THE FACT THAT PEOPLE COULD GO THERE, 285 00:19:44,821 --> 00:19:49,492 AND ESTABLISH COMMUNITIES, AND MAKE A LIVING FOR THEMSELVES, 286 00:19:49,559 --> 00:19:54,514 AND BUILD UP SOCIETY, I THINK THAT WAS A REAL TRIUMPH. 287 00:19:54,581 --> 00:19:59,870 Man: IN A YEAR'S TIME, A HOMESTEADER WOULD ENCOUNTER 288 00:19:59,936 --> 00:20:04,474 A CATALOGUE OF METEOROLOGICAL DISASTERS. 289 00:20:04,541 --> 00:20:07,127 IN THE SPRINGTIME, THERE WOULD BE THE FLOODS AND THE TORNADOS 290 00:20:07,193 --> 00:20:10,380 THAT WOULD MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO GET INTO THE FIELDS 291 00:20:10,446 --> 00:20:11,665 TO PLANT A CROP. 292 00:20:11,731 --> 00:20:13,150 ONCE THE CROP WAS PLANTED, 293 00:20:13,216 --> 00:20:15,585 YOU MIGHT GO FOR SIX, EIGHT WEEKS AT A TIME 294 00:20:15,652 --> 00:20:17,220 WITH NO RAIN AT ALL. 295 00:20:17,287 --> 00:20:19,622 AND THEN, IT WAS BAD ENOUGH THAT THE RAIN WAS HALF 296 00:20:19,689 --> 00:20:23,075 OF WHAT THE HOMESTEADER MIGHT HAVE EXPECTED IN HIS HOMELAND -- 297 00:20:23,143 --> 00:20:24,978 HERE, IT WOULD FALL ALL IN ONE DAY 298 00:20:25,044 --> 00:20:27,614 AND FLOOD OUT THAT WHICH HAD MANAGED TO SURVIVE 299 00:20:27,681 --> 00:20:29,065 THROUGH THE DROUGHT. 300 00:20:29,116 --> 00:20:31,451 THERE WERE THE GRASSHOPPER STORMS AND THE WIND STORMS. 301 00:20:31,518 --> 00:20:34,353 HAIL STORMS WOULD POUND A CROP INTO THE GROUND, 302 00:20:34,420 --> 00:20:36,840 IN SOME CASES, FREEZING A CROP IN JULY, 303 00:20:36,907 --> 00:20:38,591 WHEN YOU THOUGHT THERE WAS NO CHANCE 304 00:20:38,658 --> 00:20:40,927 OF ANYTHING HAPPENING LIKE THAT AT ALL. 305 00:20:40,994 --> 00:20:44,614 IN THE FALL, AT HARVEST TIME, FIRE COULD TAKE IT 306 00:20:44,681 --> 00:20:48,051 AS THE FIRES SWEPT ACROSS THE GRASSLANDS. 307 00:20:48,118 --> 00:20:52,138 THROUGH THE WINTER, IT WOULD BE A MATTER OF SURVIVING THE COLD. 308 00:20:52,205 --> 00:20:57,660 AND THEN IN SPRING, YOU STARTED THE WHOLE MESS ALL OVER AGAIN. 309 00:20:59,897 --> 00:21:03,950 WE LOOK AT THESE PEOPLE SITTING IN FRONT OF THEIR SOD HOUSES, 310 00:21:04,017 --> 00:21:07,471 AND WE THINK "WHAT SQUALOR, LIVING IN A DIRT HOUSE." 311 00:21:07,537 --> 00:21:11,358 WE SEE WOMEN IN MAYBE AN ELEGANT DRESS, 312 00:21:11,425 --> 00:21:13,159 BUT WITHOUT SHOES ON 313 00:21:13,225 --> 00:21:17,264 AND WE THINK, "THESE PEOPLE WERE POOR." 314 00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:21,967 BUT WHAT I SEE IS PRIDE. 315 00:21:22,035 --> 00:21:26,706 WHAT THEY'RE REALLY SAYING IS, "LOOK HOW RICH WE ARE. 316 00:21:26,773 --> 00:21:27,890 "WE'RE STINKING RICH. 317 00:21:27,957 --> 00:21:30,059 "OUR MUSKMELONS ARETHISBIG. 318 00:21:30,126 --> 00:21:31,694 "WE HAVETWOHORSES. 319 00:21:31,761 --> 00:21:36,683 WE HAVE A COW, AND THERE SHE IS, PEGGED RIGHT BACK THERE." 320 00:21:36,749 --> 00:21:39,786 THEY'RE SHOWING US THAT THEY MADE IT. 321 00:21:39,852 --> 00:21:44,357 THESE ARE NOT PEOPLE WHO ARE EMBARRASSED BY THEIR SITUATION. 322 00:21:44,424 --> 00:21:46,626 THEY ARE DRENCHED IN PRIDE. 323 00:21:46,693 --> 00:21:49,813 ♪ AH, NEBRASKA LAND ♪ 324 00:21:49,879 --> 00:21:52,649 ♪ SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪ 325 00:21:52,716 --> 00:21:56,703 ♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL I STAND ♪ 326 00:21:56,770 --> 00:22:01,341 ♪ AND I LOOK AWAY ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪ 327 00:22:01,407 --> 00:22:08,064 ♪ AND I WONDER WHY IT NEVER RAINS ♪ 328 00:22:08,131 --> 00:22:12,252 WHAT'S REMARKABLE TO ME IS THAT THEY WERE SINGING. 329 00:22:12,318 --> 00:22:15,705 AND THAT THEY WERE LAUGHING WHILE THEY WERE SINGING. 330 00:22:15,771 --> 00:22:18,575 "BUT WE'VE REACHED THE LAND OF DESERT SWEET, 331 00:22:18,641 --> 00:22:20,677 "WHERE NOTHING GROWS FOR MAN TO EAT. 332 00:22:20,744 --> 00:22:23,079 "THE WIND, IT BLOWS WITH FEVERISH HEAT 333 00:22:23,146 --> 00:22:25,515 ACROSS THESE PLAINS, SO HARD TO BEAT." 334 00:22:25,581 --> 00:22:26,850 BUT THAT'S NOT A SAD SONG. 335 00:22:26,916 --> 00:22:29,285 IT SOUNDS LIKE THE BLUES WHEN I SAY IT, 336 00:22:29,352 --> 00:22:31,788 BUT IT WAS A SONG OF LAUGHTER AND REJOICING, 337 00:22:31,855 --> 00:22:34,223 'CAUSE THEY WERE LAUGHING AT THEMSELVES 338 00:22:34,290 --> 00:22:36,776 IN THIS CRAZY SITUATION THEY WERE IN. 339 00:22:36,843 --> 00:22:38,361 "WE DO NOT LIVE, WE ONLY STAY, 340 00:22:38,428 --> 00:22:41,247 'CAUSE WE'RE TOO POOR TO MOVE AWAY." 341 00:22:41,314 --> 00:22:43,799 ♪ WE HAVE NO WHEAT WE HAVE NO OATS ♪ 342 00:22:43,866 --> 00:22:47,487 ♪ WE HAVE NO CORN TO FEED OUR SHOATS ♪ 343 00:22:47,554 --> 00:22:49,722 ♪ OUR CHICKENS ARE SO VERY POOR ♪ 344 00:22:49,789 --> 00:22:53,309 ♪ THEY BEG FOR CRUMBS OUTSIDE OUR DOOR ♪ 345 00:22:53,377 --> 00:22:55,328 ♪ IN NEBRASKA LAND ♪ 346 00:22:55,395 --> 00:22:56,612 ♪ SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪ 347 00:22:56,663 --> 00:22:59,916 ♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL I STAND ♪ 348 00:22:59,983 --> 00:23:03,086 ♪ AND I LOOK AWAY ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪♪ 349 00:23:03,136 --> 00:23:07,190 ♪ AND I WONDER WHY IT NEVER RAINS ♪ 350 00:23:16,199 --> 00:23:20,787 [ HORN PLAYS SOFTLY ] 351 00:23:20,853 --> 00:23:23,840 Man: THE NOBLEST PART OF THE WEST 352 00:23:23,906 --> 00:23:26,893 IS THE FACT THAT IT GAVE HOPE TO PEOPLE 353 00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:31,598 IN WAYS THAT WE HAD NOT BEEN ABLE TO HAVE BEFORE. 354 00:23:31,664 --> 00:23:36,002 IT WAS A FORCE IN THE SHAPING OF THE NATIONAL CHARACTER, 355 00:23:36,069 --> 00:23:37,637 AND AN IMPORTANT ONE. 356 00:23:37,704 --> 00:23:42,141 AND I THINK WHEN AND IF WE EVER LOSE THAT SENSE OF HOPE 357 00:23:42,208 --> 00:23:44,377 THAT THE WEST HOLDS FOR US, 358 00:23:44,444 --> 00:23:47,797 WE WILL HAVE LOST BY JUST THAT MUCH 359 00:23:47,864 --> 00:23:50,900 OUR SENSE OF OURSELVES AS AMERICANS. 360 00:23:50,967 --> 00:23:54,937 BUT, WHAT WE DID WHEN WE CROSSED THE MISSISSIPPI 361 00:23:55,004 --> 00:23:59,275 AND ENTERED THIS LAND AND TOOK IT AS OUR OWN 362 00:23:59,342 --> 00:24:06,382 WAS TO TURN OUR BACKS ON OUR OWN BEST HISTORY. 363 00:24:06,449 --> 00:24:09,535 THERE IS VERY LITTLE THAT IS PRESUMABLY DEAR 364 00:24:09,602 --> 00:24:14,006 TO THE AMERICAN PSYCHE IN TERMS OF THE CONSTITUTION, 365 00:24:14,073 --> 00:24:17,877 IN TERMS OF CIVIL RIGHTS, IN TERMS OF OUR HIGHEST IDEALS, 366 00:24:17,944 --> 00:24:20,447 THAT WAS NOT AT ONE TIME OR ANOTHER 367 00:24:20,513 --> 00:24:24,484 SYSTEMATICALLY VIOLATED DURING THE HISTORY OF THE WEST -- 368 00:24:24,550 --> 00:24:28,321 AND SOMETIMES IN WAYS THAT HAD NEVER BEEN MATCHED BEFORE, 369 00:24:28,388 --> 00:24:30,923 AT AN INTENSITY, AT A LEVEL OF VIOLENCE, 370 00:24:30,991 --> 00:24:33,693 AT A LEVEL OF THOUGHTLESSNESS. 371 00:24:44,854 --> 00:24:48,357 THE FARTHER MY PEOPLE KEEP AWAY FROM THE WHITES, 372 00:24:48,424 --> 00:24:50,860 THE BETTER I SHALL BE SATISFIED. 373 00:24:50,926 --> 00:24:53,029 THE WHITE PEOPLE ARE WICKED. 374 00:24:53,096 --> 00:24:57,333 I WANT YOU TO TEACH MY PEOPLE TO READ AND WRITE, 375 00:24:57,399 --> 00:25:01,404 BUT THEY MUST NOT BECOME WHITE PEOPLE IN THEIR WAYS. 376 00:25:01,471 --> 00:25:04,190 IT IS TOO BAD A LIFE. 377 00:25:04,256 --> 00:25:07,810 I COULD NOT LET THEM DO IT. 378 00:25:07,877 --> 00:25:13,750 I WOULD RATHER DIE AN INDIAN THAN LIVE A WHITE MAN -- 379 00:25:13,816 --> 00:25:17,053 SITTING BULL. 380 00:25:17,120 --> 00:25:20,606 [ NATIVE AMERICANS CHANTING ] 381 00:25:26,346 --> 00:25:28,814 Narrator: BY THE SPRING OF 1881, 382 00:25:28,881 --> 00:25:31,050 THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHERN PLAINS 383 00:25:31,117 --> 00:25:34,503 HAD ALL BUT LOST THEIR STRUGGLE TO REMAIN FREE. 384 00:25:34,570 --> 00:25:39,259 ONLY SITTING BULL AND FEWER THAN 200 OF HIS FOLLOWERS, 385 00:25:39,326 --> 00:25:43,179 MANY OF THEM MEMBERS OF HIS OWN FAMILY, 386 00:25:43,246 --> 00:25:45,248 REMAINED DEFIANT IN CANADA. 387 00:25:45,315 --> 00:25:52,755 BUT ON JULY 19, 1881, HE LED A HANDFUL OF HIS HUNGRY PEOPLE 388 00:25:52,822 --> 00:25:56,992 SOUTH ACROSS THE BORDER AND GAVE UP. 389 00:26:02,449 --> 00:26:05,935 Sitting Bull: I SURRENDER THIS RIFLE TO YOU 390 00:26:06,002 --> 00:26:08,521 THROUGH MY YOUNG SON, 391 00:26:08,587 --> 00:26:11,457 WHOM I NOW DESIRE TO TEACH IN THIS MANNER 392 00:26:11,524 --> 00:26:15,895 THAT HE HAS BECOME A FRIEND OF THE AMERICANS. 393 00:26:15,962 --> 00:26:19,215 I WISH HIM TO LEARN THE HABITS OF THE WHITES, 394 00:26:19,266 --> 00:26:23,053 AND TO BE EDUCATED AS THEIR SONS ARE EDUCATED. 395 00:26:23,119 --> 00:26:27,556 THIS BOY HAS GIVEN MY RIFLE TO YOU, 396 00:26:27,623 --> 00:26:33,363 AND HE NOW WANTS TO KNOW HOW HE IS GOING TO MAKE A LIVING. 397 00:26:35,448 --> 00:26:38,067 Narrator: SITTING BULL STILL WANTED THE RIGHT 398 00:26:38,133 --> 00:26:40,970 TO CROSS BACK AND FORTH INTO CANADA AT WILL, 399 00:26:41,036 --> 00:26:45,408 TO LIVE ON THE LITTLE MISSOURI NEAR THE BLACK HILLS, 400 00:26:45,474 --> 00:26:48,377 AND TO HUNT WHEREVER HE WISHED. 401 00:26:48,445 --> 00:26:54,083 THE ARMY GRANTED NONE OF SITTING BULL'S REQUESTS. 402 00:26:54,150 --> 00:26:56,503 THEY EVENTUALLY ORDERED HIM 403 00:26:56,569 --> 00:26:59,438 TO GO TO THE STANDING ROCK RESERVATION, 404 00:26:59,505 --> 00:27:02,625 HUNDREDS OF MILES TO THE EAST IN NORTH DAKOTA, 405 00:27:02,691 --> 00:27:06,045 AND LIVE THERE AS HIS PEOPLE LIVED. 406 00:27:06,111 --> 00:27:09,615 AT STANDING ROCK, HE WAS REUNITED WITH HIS DAUGHTER, 407 00:27:09,682 --> 00:27:13,736 AND WEPT TO SEE AGAIN THOSE WHO HAD BEEN WITH HIM 408 00:27:13,787 --> 00:27:16,289 AT THE LITTLE BIG HORN. 409 00:27:16,356 --> 00:27:20,009 Man: THE LIFESTYLE OF THE LAKOTA PEOPLE -- 410 00:27:20,076 --> 00:27:21,444 THAT CHANGED SO MUCH. 411 00:27:21,511 --> 00:27:24,096 HERE YOU HAD THIS FREE-ROAMING PEOPLE 412 00:27:24,163 --> 00:27:27,750 THAT WERE DEPENDENT UPON THE BUFFALO FOR A WAY OF LIFE, 413 00:27:27,817 --> 00:27:31,921 AND ALL A SUDDEN NOW THEY'RE CONFINED IN THESE SMALL AREAS, 414 00:27:31,987 --> 00:27:35,174 THEY'RE LIVING OFF OF RATIONS, AND PEOPLE ARE STARVING. 415 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:37,409 IT'S ALMOST LIKE BEING IN A PRISON CELL. 416 00:27:37,476 --> 00:27:40,497 EVEN THOUGH RESERVATIONS WERE A PRETTY GOOD SIZE, 417 00:27:40,563 --> 00:27:44,250 THE IDEA OF COMPACTING PEOPLE INTO THAT AREA AND SAYING, 418 00:27:44,317 --> 00:27:46,318 "YOU CAN'T MOVE OUTSIDE OF THIS AREA, 419 00:27:46,385 --> 00:27:48,087 "YOU CAN'T TRAVEL OUTSIDE OF THIS AREA, 420 00:27:48,153 --> 00:27:50,656 AND IF YOU DO YOU NEED A PASS" -- 421 00:27:50,723 --> 00:27:55,578 THE WHOLE IDEA OF CONFINING LAKOTA PEOPLE 422 00:27:55,644 --> 00:27:59,065 WAS SO DEVASTATING TO THEM. 423 00:27:59,132 --> 00:28:05,671 IT WAS LIKE BEING CONFINED TO...A TINY ISLAND 424 00:28:05,738 --> 00:28:09,391 WITH NO WAY TO NAVIGATE 425 00:28:09,458 --> 00:28:16,266 AMONG THIS ENORMOUS SEA OF WHITE STRANGERS. 426 00:28:16,332 --> 00:28:18,601 Narrator: EVERY TWO WEEKS, 427 00:28:18,667 --> 00:28:23,173 A FEW SCRAWNY STEERS WERE BROUGHT TO THE RESERVATION 428 00:28:23,239 --> 00:28:28,077 WHERE MEN, WHO ONLY A FEW YEARS EARLIER HAD HUNTED BUFFALO 429 00:28:28,144 --> 00:28:29,595 ON THE OPEN PLAINS, 430 00:28:29,662 --> 00:28:32,064 NOW SHOT CATTLE FOR THEIR FOOD. 431 00:28:32,131 --> 00:28:35,351 [ GUNSHOT ] 432 00:28:38,137 --> 00:28:41,557 [ NATIVE AMERICANS CHANTING ] 433 00:28:49,114 --> 00:28:52,552 ANY INDIAN WHO SHALL ENGAGE IN THE SUN DANCE, 434 00:28:52,618 --> 00:28:54,336 SCALP DANCE, OR WAR DANCE 435 00:28:54,403 --> 00:28:57,156 SHALL BE DEEMED GUILTY OF AN OFFENSE, 436 00:28:57,223 --> 00:29:00,059 AND UPON CONVICTION THEREOF SHALL BE PUNISHED 437 00:29:00,126 --> 00:29:04,130 BY WITHHOLDING OF HIS RATIONS, NOT EXCEEDING 10 DAYS -- 438 00:29:04,197 --> 00:29:07,383 BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. 439 00:29:07,450 --> 00:29:11,270 Narrator: LIKE INDIANS ON ALL THE OTHER RESERVATIONS, 440 00:29:11,337 --> 00:29:12,839 THE LAKOTAS WERE ORDERED 441 00:29:12,905 --> 00:29:15,759 TO GIVE UP THEIR LANGUAGE AND SPEAK ENGLISH, 442 00:29:15,825 --> 00:29:18,177 ABANDON THEIR FAITH, 443 00:29:18,244 --> 00:29:22,982 PUT BEHIND THEM ALLTHEIR RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS. 444 00:29:32,358 --> 00:29:36,462 LAKOTA MEN WERE RECRUITED TO SERVE AS POLICE, 445 00:29:36,528 --> 00:29:39,516 EMPOWERED TO HELP KEEP THE PEACE 446 00:29:39,582 --> 00:29:42,184 AND TO ENFORCE THE NEW RULES. 447 00:29:42,235 --> 00:29:44,870 Woman: WELL, THE IDEA WAS, IF WE COULDN'T PRAY, 448 00:29:44,938 --> 00:29:47,407 IF WE COULDN'T BEHAVE THE WAY WE DO -- 449 00:29:47,473 --> 00:29:48,842 HAVE OUR SOCIAL CUSTOMS -- 450 00:29:48,908 --> 00:29:50,360 AND WE COULDN'T SPEAK, 451 00:29:50,426 --> 00:29:52,729 WE'D VERY QUICKLY BECOME WHITE PEOPLE, 452 00:29:52,795 --> 00:29:55,648 AND WE WOULD NO LONGER BE A MILITARY PROBLEM. 453 00:29:55,714 --> 00:29:58,918 SO THE IDEA WAS "CORRUPT THEM FROM THE INSIDE." 454 00:29:58,985 --> 00:30:01,971 YOU KNOW, "MAKE THEM GIVE UP WHO THEY ARE." 455 00:30:02,038 --> 00:30:04,523 "IF THEY DON'T TALK THEIR LANGUAGE, 456 00:30:04,590 --> 00:30:08,244 THEY WON'T PRACTICE THEIR CULTURE AND RELIGION." 457 00:30:13,615 --> 00:30:17,052 Man: WHAT AMERICANS WERE TRYING TO DO INITIALLY 458 00:30:17,119 --> 00:30:19,555 WAS TO MOVE INDIANS OUT OF THE WAY. 459 00:30:19,622 --> 00:30:21,006 BUT AT THE SAME TIME, 460 00:30:21,073 --> 00:30:24,393 THEY'VE PROMISED INDIANS A PERMANENT EXISTENCE. 461 00:30:24,461 --> 00:30:26,979 RESERVATIONS WERE GOING TO BE A PLACE 462 00:30:27,046 --> 00:30:30,199 IN WHICH INDIAN PEOPLES WERE GOING TO BE ALLOWED 463 00:30:30,266 --> 00:30:34,270 TO SLOWLY ADJUST TO THE LARGER WHITE SOCIETY AROUND THEM. 464 00:30:34,337 --> 00:30:38,774 Narrator: THE LAKOTAS LIVED IN LOG CABINS NOW, 465 00:30:38,841 --> 00:30:40,977 AS WELL AS TEPEES, 466 00:30:41,043 --> 00:30:44,130 AND THEY WERE EXPECTED TO FARM. 467 00:30:44,196 --> 00:30:49,819 EVEN SITTING BULL FOUND HIMSELF AT WORK, HOE IN HAND. 468 00:30:49,886 --> 00:30:54,974 IN AUGUST OF 1883, A DELEGATION OF UNITED STATES SENATORS 469 00:30:55,041 --> 00:30:59,028 VISITED STANDING ROCK WITH A PLAN FOR OPENING 470 00:30:59,078 --> 00:31:03,782 PART OF THE RESERVATION TO WHITE SETTLEMENT. 471 00:31:03,849 --> 00:31:06,302 SITTING BULL PROTESTED BITTERLY. 472 00:31:06,368 --> 00:31:08,704 Sitting Bull: DO YOU KNOW WHO I AM? 473 00:31:08,771 --> 00:31:11,857 I WANT TO TELL YOU THAT IF THE GREAT SPIRIT 474 00:31:11,924 --> 00:31:16,295 HAS CHOSEN ANYONE TO BE THE CHIEF OF THIS COUNTRY, 475 00:31:16,379 --> 00:31:18,748 IT IS MYSELF. 476 00:31:18,814 --> 00:31:22,568 Man:YOU WERE NOT APPOINTED BY THE GREAT SPIRIT. 477 00:31:22,635 --> 00:31:25,654 APPOINTMENTS ARE NOT MADE THAT WAY. 478 00:31:25,721 --> 00:31:28,641 YOU HAVE NO FOLLOWING, NO POWER, NO CONTROL, 479 00:31:28,708 --> 00:31:30,609 AND NO RIGHT TO ANY CONTROL. 480 00:31:30,676 --> 00:31:33,245 IF IT WERE NOT FOR THE GOVERNMENT, 481 00:31:33,312 --> 00:31:36,498 YOU WOULD BE FREEZING AND STARVING TODAY 482 00:31:36,565 --> 00:31:39,252 IN THE MOUNTAINS. 483 00:31:51,547 --> 00:31:54,283 Narrator: JUST ACROSS THE GRAND RIVER FROM HIS CABIN, 484 00:31:54,349 --> 00:31:56,318 SITTING BULL COULD SEE THE SPOT 485 00:31:56,385 --> 00:32:00,289 WHERE HE HAD BEEN BORN INTO AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT WORLD. 486 00:32:00,356 --> 00:32:05,511 TO FILL THE EMPTY HOURS, HE COMPOSED HIS OWN SONG. 487 00:32:05,578 --> 00:32:10,516 "A WARRIOR I HAVE BEEN," HE SANG. 488 00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:12,551 "NOW IT IS ALL OVER. 489 00:32:12,618 --> 00:32:17,273 A HARD TIME I HAVE." 490 00:32:32,872 --> 00:32:36,291 UNLEARNED AS YOU MAY THINK US TO BE, 491 00:32:36,358 --> 00:32:39,644 WE ARE NOT WHOLLY IGNORANT OF YOUR HISTORY. 492 00:32:39,712 --> 00:32:43,516 WE CHINESE ARE TAUGHT TO BELIEVE THAT YOUR GOVERNMENT 493 00:32:43,582 --> 00:32:47,954 IS FOUNDED AND CONDUCTED UPON PRINCIPLES OF PURE JUSTICE, 494 00:32:48,020 --> 00:32:50,823 AND THAT ALL OF EVERY RACE AND CREED 495 00:32:50,889 --> 00:32:52,725 ARE HERE SURELY PROTECTED 496 00:32:52,792 --> 00:32:55,628 IN PERSON, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY-- 497 00:32:55,695 --> 00:32:59,698 CHUNG SUN. 498 00:32:59,765 --> 00:33:03,452 Narrator: IN OCTOBER OF 1871, 499 00:33:03,503 --> 00:33:07,840 AN EAGER AND AMBITIOUS YOUNG CHINESE MAN NAMED CHUNG SUN 500 00:33:07,906 --> 00:33:09,825 ARRIVED IN THE WEST. 501 00:33:09,892 --> 00:33:13,645 HE CARRIED $600 WITH HIM, AND DREAMED OF STARTING 502 00:33:13,712 --> 00:33:16,932 A TEA PLANTATION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 503 00:33:16,999 --> 00:33:18,601 BUT ALMOST IMMEDIATELY, 504 00:33:18,668 --> 00:33:22,771 HE FOUND HIMSELF CAUGHT UP IN A RIOT IN LOS ANGELES. 505 00:33:22,838 --> 00:33:24,290 [ GLASS SHATTERS ] 506 00:33:24,357 --> 00:33:28,360 IT STARTED AS A QUARREL BETWEEN TWO CHINESE MEN OVER A WOMAN, 507 00:33:28,427 --> 00:33:31,914 BUT QUICKLY TURNED INTO AN ARMED STRUGGLE 508 00:33:31,981 --> 00:33:34,633 BETWEEN THE SMALL CHINESE COMMUNITY 509 00:33:34,700 --> 00:33:36,485 AND THE REST OF THE CITY. 510 00:33:36,536 --> 00:33:40,656 BEFORE IT WAS OVER, AT LEAST 23 CHINESE IMMIGRANTS 511 00:33:40,723 --> 00:33:44,893 HAD BEEN HANGED, OR STABBED, OR SHOT TO DEATH. 512 00:33:44,960 --> 00:33:49,499 CHUNG SUN WAS BEATEN AND ROBBED OF HIS SAVINGS. 513 00:33:52,168 --> 00:33:56,572 THERE WERE MORE THAN 300,000 CHINESE IN THE COUNTRY 514 00:33:56,639 --> 00:33:58,274 BY THE TIME CHUNG SUN ARRIVED, 515 00:33:58,341 --> 00:34:02,160 HELPING TO BUILD THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD, 516 00:34:02,227 --> 00:34:05,431 RUNNING LAUNDRIES AND RESTAURANTS, 517 00:34:05,498 --> 00:34:07,199 PLANTING VINEYARDS, 518 00:34:07,266 --> 00:34:12,187 AND OPERATING FISHING FLEETS UP AND DOWN THE PACIFIC COAST. 519 00:34:12,254 --> 00:34:14,173 BUT WHEN DEPRESSION STRUCK, 520 00:34:14,240 --> 00:34:19,044 WHITE WORKERS CAME TO BLAME THE CHINESE FOR THEIR TROUBLES. 521 00:34:19,111 --> 00:34:22,915 WE INTEND TO TRY AND VOTE THE CHINAMAN OUT, 522 00:34:22,982 --> 00:34:24,299 TO FRIGHTEN HIM OUT, 523 00:34:24,366 --> 00:34:27,552 AND IF THIS WON'T DO, TO KILL HIM OUT. 524 00:34:27,619 --> 00:34:29,538 AND WHEN THE BLOW COMES, 525 00:34:29,605 --> 00:34:33,609 WE WON'T LEAVE A FRAGMENT FOR THE THIEVES TO PICK UP. 526 00:34:33,675 --> 00:34:36,495 THE HEATHEN SLAVES MUST LEAVE THIS COAST, 527 00:34:36,562 --> 00:34:39,916 IF IT COSTS 10,000 LIVES -- 528 00:34:39,982 --> 00:34:46,522 DENIS KEARNEY, THE WORKINGMEN'S PARTY. 529 00:34:46,588 --> 00:34:52,428 Narrator: ANTI-CHINESE VIOLENCE BROKE OUT ALL ACROSS THE WEST. 530 00:34:53,863 --> 00:34:59,452 IN ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING, WHITES MURDERED 28 CHINESE. 531 00:34:59,518 --> 00:35:02,905 IN TACOMA, STATE MILITIA MEN 532 00:35:02,972 --> 00:35:06,625 HAD TO BE CALLED IN TO RESTORE ORDER. 533 00:35:06,692 --> 00:35:10,262 THE CHINESE IN SEATTLE WERE ROUNDED UP, 534 00:35:10,329 --> 00:35:15,367 PUSHED ONTO BOATS, AND FORCED OUT TO SEA. 535 00:35:20,890 --> 00:35:24,309 THE LOS ANGELES RIOT HAD LEFT CHUNG SUN PENNILESS. 536 00:35:24,376 --> 00:35:25,978 BUT HE HADN'T GIVEN UP. 537 00:35:26,044 --> 00:35:29,665 HE MADE HIS WAY NORTH TO THE LITTLE TOWN OF WATSONVILLE, 538 00:35:29,731 --> 00:35:33,969 WHERE HE MANAGED TO FIND A JOB DIGGING DITCHES, 539 00:35:34,036 --> 00:35:37,422 AND LAYING A GAS LINE FOR $1.50 A DAY. 540 00:35:37,489 --> 00:35:40,342 Chung Sun:BEING A MAN OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE, 541 00:35:40,409 --> 00:35:44,179 I'M CAPABLE OF OTHER WORK THAN DIGGING IN THE STREETS. 542 00:35:44,246 --> 00:35:46,882 BUT MY PHILOSOPHY TEACHES ME 543 00:35:46,949 --> 00:35:50,886 ANY USEFUL WORK IS MORE HONORABLE THAN IDLENESS. 544 00:35:50,953 --> 00:35:54,239 I SHALL THEREFORE, WITH PATIENCE, 545 00:35:54,306 --> 00:35:59,595 CONTINUE TO DIG WITH AN ABIDING HOPE FOR SOMETHING BETTER. 546 00:35:59,661 --> 00:36:02,498 Narrator: BUT WHEN THE DITCH WAS FINISHED, 547 00:36:02,548 --> 00:36:04,983 CHUNG SUN COULD NOT FIND ANOTHER JOB. 548 00:36:05,050 --> 00:36:06,668 NO ONE WOULD HIRE HIM. 549 00:36:06,735 --> 00:36:12,608 A NEW CALIFORNIA LAW MADE HIRING A CHINESE WORKER ILLEGAL, 550 00:36:12,675 --> 00:36:16,679 PUNISHABLE BY FINES AND JAIL TERMS. 551 00:36:16,746 --> 00:36:22,301 THEN, IN 1882, WESTERN POLITICIANS AND LABOR UNIONS 552 00:36:22,368 --> 00:36:29,559 MANAGED TO PERSUADE CONGRESS TO PASS THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT. 553 00:36:29,625 --> 00:36:35,715 Man: FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 554 00:36:35,781 --> 00:36:40,318 THE GOVERNMENT DECIDED TO EXCLUDE A GROUP OF IMMIGRANTS 555 00:36:40,403 --> 00:36:42,638 ON THE BASIS OF RACE. 556 00:36:42,705 --> 00:36:46,859 AND IT SET A PRECEDENT NOW, BECAUSE FOR THE FIRST TIME 557 00:36:46,926 --> 00:36:50,179 YOU HAVE THIS NEW THINKING INTRODUCED. 558 00:36:50,246 --> 00:36:53,950 WELL, WE CANNOT ONLY DETERMINE WHO COULD BECOME CITIZENS 559 00:36:54,016 --> 00:36:55,801 IN THIS COUNTRY, 560 00:36:55,868 --> 00:36:58,887 BUT WE COULD DETERMINE WHO COULDCOMETO THIS COUNTRY. 561 00:36:58,954 --> 00:37:04,092 Narrator: THE YEAR BEFORE THE EXCLUSION ACT PASSED, 562 00:37:04,159 --> 00:37:09,048 NEARLY 40,000 CHINESE ENTERED THE UNITED STATES. 563 00:37:09,114 --> 00:37:13,452 THE NEXT YEAR, JUST 23 WERE ALLOWED IN. 564 00:37:13,519 --> 00:37:17,806 BUT CHUNG SUN HAD HAD ENOUGH OF AMERICA. 565 00:37:17,873 --> 00:37:23,462 HE SET SAIL FOR HOME. 566 00:37:23,529 --> 00:37:25,730 Chung Sun: I HOPE YOU WILL PARDON 567 00:37:25,797 --> 00:37:28,850 MY EXPRESSING A PAINFUL DISAPPOINTMENT. 568 00:37:28,917 --> 00:37:31,853 THE ILL-TREATMENT OF MY OWN COUNTRYMEN 569 00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:36,091 MAY PERHAPS BE EXCUSED ON THE GROUNDS OF RACE, 570 00:37:36,158 --> 00:37:38,260 COLOR, LANGUAGE, AND RELIGION, 571 00:37:38,327 --> 00:37:43,582 BUT SUCH PREJUDICE CAN ONLY PREVAIL AMONG THE IGNORANT. 572 00:37:43,648 --> 00:37:49,671 IN CIVILITY AND POLITE MANNERS, AMERICANS ARE WHOLLY WANTING, 573 00:37:49,738 --> 00:37:54,659 AND ARE VERY PROPERLY STYLED BARBARIANS. 574 00:37:56,362 --> 00:37:59,915 [ TRAIN WHISTLE BLOWS ] 575 00:38:06,939 --> 00:38:08,808 Narrator: AT 2:00 IN THE MORNING, 576 00:38:08,874 --> 00:38:10,343 ON SEPTEMBER 8, 1883, 577 00:38:10,409 --> 00:38:13,762 A 24-YEAR-OLD NEW YORK ASSEMBLYMAN 578 00:38:13,829 --> 00:38:17,416 STEPPED DOWN FROM THE TRAIN AT THE LITTLE MISSOURI RIVER 579 00:38:17,483 --> 00:38:19,785 IN THE HEART OF DAKOTA TERRITORY. 580 00:38:19,852 --> 00:38:23,689 HE HAD ALREADY EARNED A REPUTATION FOR HIMSELF BACK EAST 581 00:38:23,756 --> 00:38:26,875 AS A NOISY BUT ENERGETIC REFORMER. 582 00:38:26,942 --> 00:38:30,029 NOW, HE HAD COME WEST TO BUILD HIMSELF UP 583 00:38:30,095 --> 00:38:31,963 AFTER A BOUT OF CHOLERA, 584 00:38:32,030 --> 00:38:35,017 AND HE WAS DETERMINED TO SHOOT A BUFFALO 585 00:38:35,083 --> 00:38:37,620 BEFORE THE SPECIES DISAPPEARED. 586 00:38:37,686 --> 00:38:40,573 HIS NAME WAS THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 587 00:38:40,639 --> 00:38:44,460 AND HE SEEMED THE QUINTESSENTIAL DUDE -- 588 00:38:44,526 --> 00:38:47,312 SHRILL, NEAR-SIGHTED, HARVARD-EDUCATED, 589 00:38:47,379 --> 00:38:49,248 WHEEZING WITH ASTHMA, 590 00:38:49,314 --> 00:38:53,652 AND INSISTENT UPON BEING CALLED "MR. ROOSEVELT." 591 00:38:53,719 --> 00:38:58,056 STILL, DESPITE DAY AFTER DAY OF COLD RAIN SO FIERCE 592 00:38:58,123 --> 00:39:03,061 THAT EVEN HIS SEASONED GUIDE URGED HIM TO ABANDON THE CHASE, 593 00:39:03,128 --> 00:39:09,468 HE FOUND AND SHOT HIS BUFFALO. 594 00:39:09,535 --> 00:39:12,521 ROOSEVELT FELL IN LOVE WITH THE WEST, 595 00:39:12,588 --> 00:39:17,476 AND WITH THE PROSPECT OF QUICK RICHES IT SEEMED TO OFFER 596 00:39:17,543 --> 00:39:19,028 VIRTUALLY FREE OF CHARGE. 597 00:39:21,397 --> 00:39:25,634 HE WAS JUST ONE OF HUNDREDS OF EAGER ENTREPRENEURS 598 00:39:25,700 --> 00:39:29,688 HOPING TO CASH IN ON THE BEEF BOOM ON THE NORTHERN PLAINS. 599 00:39:29,755 --> 00:39:34,160 EVERYTHING SEEMED TO SUGGEST IT WAS A SURE THING. 600 00:39:34,226 --> 00:39:35,928 Man:A GOOD-SIZED STEER, 601 00:39:35,995 --> 00:39:39,048 WHEN IT IS FIT FOR THE BUTCHER MARKET, 602 00:39:39,114 --> 00:39:41,383 WILL BRING FROM $45 TO $60. 603 00:39:41,450 --> 00:39:44,903 THE SAME ANIMAL AT ITS BIRTH WAS WORTH BUT $5. 604 00:39:44,970 --> 00:39:48,290 HE HAS RUN ON THE PLAINS AND CROPPED THE GRASS 605 00:39:48,357 --> 00:39:52,461 FROM THE PUBLIC DOMAIN FOR FOUR OR FIVE YEARS, 606 00:39:52,527 --> 00:39:55,680 AND NOW WITH SCARCELY ANY EXPENSE TO ITS OWNER, 607 00:39:55,747 --> 00:39:57,032 IS WORTH $40 MORE 608 00:39:57,098 --> 00:40:01,036 THAN WHEN HE STARTED ON HIS PILGRIMAGE. 609 00:40:01,102 --> 00:40:04,856 Narrator: ALL ONE NEEDED TO DO WAS BUY A HERD 610 00:40:04,923 --> 00:40:08,543 AND TURN IT LOOSE ON GRASSLANDS THAT SEEMED AS LIMITLESS 611 00:40:08,610 --> 00:40:10,612 AS THE PROFITS THEY PROMISED. 612 00:40:10,679 --> 00:40:12,848 "COTTON WAS ONCE CROWNED KING," 613 00:40:12,915 --> 00:40:15,767 WROTE A WESTERN NEWSPAPER EDITOR, 614 00:40:15,834 --> 00:40:21,022 "BUT GRASS IS, NOW." 615 00:40:21,089 --> 00:40:25,144 FORTUNE-SEEKERS FROM ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND EUROPE 616 00:40:25,210 --> 00:40:28,831 INVESTED AFTER READING NEWSPAPER STORIES 617 00:40:28,898 --> 00:40:33,435 THAT PROCLAIMED ROUTINE PROFITS OF 40 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR. 618 00:40:33,501 --> 00:40:37,606 MARSHALL FIELD, THE CHICAGO DRY GOODS KING, BOUGHT A HERD. 619 00:40:37,673 --> 00:40:41,643 SO DID WILLIAM K. VANDERBILT, THE RAILROAD MAGNATE, 620 00:40:41,710 --> 00:40:45,080 AND JOSEPH GLIDDEN, THE MAN WHO MANUFACTURED BARBED WIRE. 621 00:40:45,147 --> 00:40:47,432 RICH MEN'S SONS FROM THE EAST 622 00:40:47,499 --> 00:40:49,734 WERE NOTHING NEW AS FAR I WAS CONCERNED. 623 00:40:49,801 --> 00:40:51,837 THE RANGE IN THE '80s WAS AS FULL OF THEM 624 00:40:51,903 --> 00:40:53,605 AS A DOG'S HAIR OF FLEAS. 625 00:40:53,672 --> 00:40:55,607 AND SOME OF THEM WERE GOOD FELLOWS, 626 00:40:55,674 --> 00:40:57,225 AND SOME WERE DAMN FOOLS -- 627 00:40:57,292 --> 00:41:00,111 TEDDY "BLUE" ABBOTT. 628 00:41:04,032 --> 00:41:07,018 Narrator: BUT FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 629 00:41:07,085 --> 00:41:10,439 THE WEST WAS MUCH MORE THAN A CHANCE TO GET RICH. 630 00:41:10,506 --> 00:41:15,394 IT WAS ALSO A CHANCE TO ESCAPE THE SORROWS OF HIS PRIVATE LIFE. 631 00:41:15,461 --> 00:41:18,396 IN 1884, WHEN HIS MOTHER AND WIFE DIED 632 00:41:18,463 --> 00:41:21,417 WITHIN HOURS OF ONE ANOTHER, 633 00:41:21,483 --> 00:41:22,952 HE DEALT WITH HIS GRIEF 634 00:41:23,018 --> 00:41:27,039 IN LONG, SOLITARY RIDES ACROSS THE BADLANDS. 635 00:41:30,058 --> 00:41:34,730 Roosevelt:NOWHERE ELSE DOES ONE FEEL SO FAR OFF FROM MANKIND. 636 00:41:34,796 --> 00:41:36,431 THE PLAINS STRETCH OUT 637 00:41:36,499 --> 00:41:39,100 IN DEPTHLESS AND MEASURELESS EXPANSE, 638 00:41:39,167 --> 00:41:42,121 AND AS HE JOURNEYS OVER THEM, 639 00:41:42,187 --> 00:41:43,722 THEY WILL FOR MANY MILES 640 00:41:43,789 --> 00:41:46,024 BE LACKING IN ALL SIGNS OF LIFE. 641 00:41:46,090 --> 00:41:49,645 BLACK CARE RARELY SITS BEHIND A RIDER 642 00:41:49,712 --> 00:41:53,098 WHOSE PACE IS FAST ENOUGH. 643 00:42:02,391 --> 00:42:04,676 Narrator: OVER THE COURSE OF THREE SUMMERS 644 00:42:04,743 --> 00:42:08,697 ON HIS DAKOTA RANCHES, ROOSEVELT ROUNDED UP CATTLE, 645 00:42:08,763 --> 00:42:12,201 HUNTED DOWN RUSTLERS, AND REVELED IN THE RUGGED LANDSCAPE 646 00:42:12,267 --> 00:42:14,185 AND EQUALLY RUGGED LIFE. 647 00:42:14,252 --> 00:42:20,192 Roosevelt:LIKE ALL AMERICANS, I LIKE BIG THINGS -- 648 00:42:20,259 --> 00:42:24,730 BIG PRAIRIES, BIG FORESTS AND MOUNTAINS, 649 00:42:24,796 --> 00:42:28,900 BIG WHEAT FIELDS, RAILROADS, AND HERDS OF CATTLE, TOO. 650 00:42:28,967 --> 00:42:34,623 I AM MYSELF AT HEART AS MUCH A WESTERNER AS AN EASTERNER. 651 00:42:34,689 --> 00:42:39,929 Narrator: IN THE WEST, ROOSEVELT HAD TRANSFORMED HIMSELF. 652 00:42:39,995 --> 00:42:48,353 "HERE," HE SAID LATER, "THE ROMANCE OF MY LIFE BEGAN." 653 00:42:58,213 --> 00:43:02,217 ♪No tiene dicha luna ♪ 654 00:43:02,284 --> 00:43:09,774 ♪si no estás tú ♪ 655 00:43:09,842 --> 00:43:13,395 Man:IT WAS THE CUSTOM OF THE TOWN OF LOS ANGELES, 656 00:43:13,461 --> 00:43:16,481 AND ALL OF THE FAMILIES OF THE EARLY SETTLERS, 657 00:43:16,548 --> 00:43:19,200 FOR THE OLDEST MEMBER OF THE FAMILY 658 00:43:19,267 --> 00:43:21,603 TO RISE EVERY MORNING 659 00:43:21,669 --> 00:43:23,805 AT THE RISING OF THE MORNING STAR, 660 00:43:23,872 --> 00:43:27,075 AND AT ONCE TO STRIKE UP A HYMN. 661 00:43:27,126 --> 00:43:30,679 FROM HOUSE TO HOUSE, STREET TO STREET, 662 00:43:30,745 --> 00:43:32,297 THE SINGING SPREAD 663 00:43:32,363 --> 00:43:37,519 AND THE VOLUME OF MUSICAL SOUND SWELLED, 664 00:43:37,585 --> 00:43:40,639 UNTIL IT WAS AS IF THE WHOLE TOWN SANG. 665 00:43:40,706 --> 00:43:45,811 Narrator: TO THE CASUAL VISITOR, LOS ANGELES IN THE 1870s 666 00:43:45,877 --> 00:43:49,914 SEEMED MUCH AS IT HAD BEEN WHEN THE UNITED STATES 667 00:43:49,981 --> 00:43:53,718 HAD TAKEN CALIFORNIA FROM MEXICO IN 1846 -- 668 00:43:53,785 --> 00:43:56,388 AN OLD, HISPANIC FARMING TOWN 669 00:43:56,455 --> 00:44:00,926 WITH A POPULATION OF FEWER THAN 10,000 PEOPLE. 670 00:44:06,782 --> 00:44:09,835 BUT LIFE FOR ITS NATIVE INHABITANTS 671 00:44:09,901 --> 00:44:12,270 HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO CHANGE. 672 00:44:12,337 --> 00:44:16,441 BULLFIGHTS AND BEAR BAITING HAD BEEN OUTLAWED. 673 00:44:16,508 --> 00:44:20,579 BASEBALL HAD BECOME THE CITY'S MOST POPULAR SPORT. 674 00:44:20,645 --> 00:44:24,332 POLITICAL POWER HAD LONG SINCE PASSED 675 00:44:24,399 --> 00:44:28,821 FROM THE OLD CALIFORNIO FAMILIES INTO THE HANDS OF ANGLOS. 676 00:44:28,887 --> 00:44:33,391 THEN, THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD AND ITS COMPETITOR, 677 00:44:33,458 --> 00:44:35,727 THE ATCHISON, TOPEKA, AND SANTA FE, 678 00:44:35,793 --> 00:44:39,898 BUILT THE FIRST RAILROAD LINES INTO LOS ANGELES 679 00:44:39,965 --> 00:44:42,901 AND IMMEDIATELY BEGAN A FARE WAR. 680 00:44:42,967 --> 00:44:45,970 FOR A TIME, PASSENGERS COULD MAKE IT 681 00:44:46,037 --> 00:44:49,774 ALL THE WAY TO LOS ANGELES FROM ST. LOUIS 682 00:44:49,841 --> 00:44:51,493 FOR AS LITTLE AS $1. 683 00:44:51,560 --> 00:44:56,515 Man:THE PURITY OF THE AIR OF LOS ANGELES IS REMARKABLE. 684 00:44:56,581 --> 00:45:00,335 VEGETATION DRIES UP BEFORE IT DIES 685 00:45:00,402 --> 00:45:02,704 AND HARDLY EVER SEEMS TO DECAY. 686 00:45:02,771 --> 00:45:08,443 MEAT, SUSPENDED IN THE SUN, DRIES UP, BUT NEVER ROTS. 687 00:45:08,510 --> 00:45:12,898 THE AIR, WHEN INHALED, GIVES TO THE INDIVIDUAL 688 00:45:12,964 --> 00:45:15,366 A STIMULUS AND VITAL FORCE 689 00:45:15,433 --> 00:45:20,104 WHICH ONLY AN ATMOSPHERE SO PURE CAN EVER COMMUNICATE. 690 00:45:20,189 --> 00:45:24,176 Narrator: NOW, EASTERNERS AND MIDWESTERNERS 691 00:45:24,242 --> 00:45:27,695 DRAWN BY REPORTS OF WARM SUNSHINE AND CHEAP LAND 692 00:45:27,762 --> 00:45:31,399 BEGAN ARRIVING IN LARGER AND LARGER NUMBERS -- 693 00:45:31,466 --> 00:45:36,505 120,000 IN 1887 ALONE. 694 00:45:36,571 --> 00:45:41,894 SPECULATORS POURED IN -- SO MANY THE HOTELS RAN OUT OF BEDS, 695 00:45:41,960 --> 00:45:45,630 AND RENTED THEM BATHTUBS TO SLEEP IN. 696 00:45:45,697 --> 00:45:47,932 IN JUST 2 1/2 YEARS, 697 00:45:47,999 --> 00:45:53,221 60 NEW TOWNS WERE FOUNDED IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 698 00:45:53,288 --> 00:45:57,375 BY 1890, THE ANGLO POPULATION OF LOS ANGELES 699 00:45:57,442 --> 00:46:02,964 WAS FIVE TIMES LARGER THAN IT HAD BEEN JUST 10 YEARS BEFORE, 700 00:46:03,031 --> 00:46:07,402 AND THE TOWN'S MEXICAN-AMERICAN HEART, 701 00:46:07,469 --> 00:46:11,439 NOW KNOWN AS THEBARRIO, HAD BEEN SURROUNDED. 702 00:46:14,359 --> 00:46:18,330 Man: THE CHANGE WAS SO DRASTIC, 703 00:46:18,396 --> 00:46:20,898 WE HAD TO TURN INWARD 704 00:46:20,965 --> 00:46:26,237 AND FIND THE STRENGTH WITHIN OUR FAMILIES -- 705 00:46:26,304 --> 00:46:30,993 A CIRCLE OF SAFETY TO PRESERVE OUR TRADITIONAL WAYS. 706 00:46:31,059 --> 00:46:36,264 AND ONE WAY TO DO THAT IS TO FALL BACK INTO THE COMMUNITY, 707 00:46:36,314 --> 00:46:38,433 INTO THE FAMILY, INTO THEBARRIO, 708 00:46:38,483 --> 00:46:42,788 AND TRY TO HANG ON TO WHAT YOU HAVE OF YOUR HISTORY. 709 00:46:46,041 --> 00:46:50,812 THERE'S MUSIC, PEOPLE WALK IN THE STREETS, 710 00:46:50,879 --> 00:46:53,281 PEOPLE KNOW EACH OTHER -- 711 00:46:53,347 --> 00:46:56,284 YOU BELONG IN ABARRIO, 712 00:46:56,334 --> 00:46:59,988 AND YOU'RE PROUD OF YOURBARRIO. 713 00:47:00,055 --> 00:47:02,623 WHAT'S OUTSIDE IS AN ALIEN LAND, 714 00:47:02,690 --> 00:47:06,695 WHERE THE COLOR OF YOUR SKIN MAKES A DIFFERENCE, 715 00:47:06,761 --> 00:47:10,632 WHERE THE WAY YOU SPEAK MAKES A DIFFERENCE. 716 00:47:10,699 --> 00:47:13,885 IN THEBARRIO, THAT DOESN'T MATTER, YOU KNOW? 717 00:47:13,952 --> 00:47:15,270 YOU'RE ACCEPTED. 718 00:47:15,336 --> 00:47:21,693 AND OUT THERE IS ANOTHER WORLD. 719 00:47:36,858 --> 00:47:38,243 I TELL YOU THAT MORMONISM 720 00:47:38,310 --> 00:47:41,262 IS ONE GREAT SURGE OF LICENTIOUSNESS. 721 00:47:41,329 --> 00:47:43,832 IT IS THE BROTHEL OF THE NATION. 722 00:47:43,899 --> 00:47:45,367 IT IS HELL ENTHRONED. 723 00:47:45,434 --> 00:47:48,136 THIS MISERABLE CORPSE OF MORMONISM 724 00:47:48,202 --> 00:47:50,756 HAS BEEN ROTTING IN THE SUN, 725 00:47:50,822 --> 00:47:53,658 AND ROTTING, AND ROTTING FOR 40 YEARS, 726 00:47:53,725 --> 00:47:55,476 AND THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 727 00:47:55,543 --> 00:47:58,663 HAS NOT HAD THE COURAGE TO BURY IT -- 728 00:47:58,730 --> 00:48:03,034 REVEREND T. DeWITT TALMAGE. 729 00:48:04,770 --> 00:48:06,788 Narrator: THE SAME YEAR 730 00:48:06,854 --> 00:48:09,507 THAT THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT WAS PASSED, 731 00:48:09,573 --> 00:48:13,511 CONGRESS ALSO TOOK ACTION AGAINST THE MORMONS OF UTAH. 732 00:48:13,578 --> 00:48:16,865 FOR NEARLY HALF A CENTURY, THEY HAD STRUGGLED 733 00:48:16,931 --> 00:48:21,136 TO CARVE OUT THEIR OWN UNIQUE SOCIETY IN THE WEST, 734 00:48:21,203 --> 00:48:24,088 RESISTING FEDERAL CONTROL AT EVERY TURN. 735 00:48:24,155 --> 00:48:27,909 THE CHURCH OWNED THE TERRITORY'S BIGGEST BUSINESSES, 736 00:48:27,975 --> 00:48:30,229 HAD ITS OWN POLITICAL PARTY, 737 00:48:30,295 --> 00:48:34,966 AND OFTEN CARRIED OUT ITS OWN LAWS AND PUNISHMENTS 738 00:48:35,032 --> 00:48:36,918 IN DEFIANCE OF FEDERAL JUDGES. 739 00:48:36,984 --> 00:48:41,156 BUT CONGRESS' MAIN TARGET WAS THE MORMON PRACTICE 740 00:48:41,222 --> 00:48:43,725 OF PLURAL MARRIAGE. 741 00:48:43,775 --> 00:48:47,129 NOW, POLYGAMY WAS DECLARED A FEDERAL CRIME. 742 00:48:47,195 --> 00:48:52,434 POLYGAMISTS WERE BARRED FROM VOTING, HOLDING OFFICE, 743 00:48:52,501 --> 00:48:53,985 AND SERVING ON JURIES. 744 00:48:54,069 --> 00:48:57,138 AND THOSE FOUND GUILTY OF THE PRACTICE 745 00:48:57,204 --> 00:49:01,459 COULD BE SENTENCED TO FIVE YEARS IN PRISON. 746 00:49:01,526 --> 00:49:05,830 MANY MORMON FAMILIES FLED TO CANADA OR TO MEXICO. 747 00:49:05,898 --> 00:49:10,484 OTHERS STAYED AT HOME AND TOOK THEIR CHANCES. 748 00:49:10,551 --> 00:49:13,838 Udall: THE THING TO KEEP IN MIND 749 00:49:13,905 --> 00:49:17,942 IS THAT POLYGAMY WAS A SACRED CALLING, 750 00:49:18,009 --> 00:49:20,795 THAT THIS WAS A COMMANDMENT OF GOD, 751 00:49:20,862 --> 00:49:25,066 THAT THEY WERE FULFILLING A VERY IMPORTANT CHURCH PRINCIPLE 752 00:49:25,133 --> 00:49:29,503 IN DOING THIS, AND THAT WAS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE LAW. 753 00:49:29,570 --> 00:49:31,923 NOT THAT THEY HAD CONTEMPT FOR THE LAW, 754 00:49:31,990 --> 00:49:35,276 BUT THEY WOULD DO IT BECAUSE THEY BELIEVED IT WAS RIGHT. 755 00:49:38,279 --> 00:49:42,083 Narrator: TWO MONTHS AFTER POLYGAMY BECAME A FELONY, 756 00:49:42,150 --> 00:49:45,737 DAVID KING UDALL, A PROMINENT, 30-YEAR-OLD MORMON 757 00:49:45,804 --> 00:49:48,623 IN CHARGE OF A NEW COLONY IN ARIZONA, 758 00:49:48,690 --> 00:49:51,576 MARRIED HIS SECOND WIFE, IDA HUNT. 759 00:49:51,642 --> 00:49:52,860 TODAY I HAVE MADE 760 00:49:52,927 --> 00:49:57,265 THE MOST SOLEMN VOWS AND OBLIGATIONS OF MY LIFE. 761 00:49:57,332 --> 00:50:00,718 MARRIAGE, UNDER ORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES, 762 00:50:00,785 --> 00:50:03,304 IS A GRAVE AND IMPORTANT STEP, 763 00:50:03,371 --> 00:50:06,140 BUT ENTERING INTO PLURAL MARRIAGE 764 00:50:06,207 --> 00:50:09,911 IN THESE PERILOUS TIMES IS DOUBLY SO -- 765 00:50:09,978 --> 00:50:13,497 IDA HUNT UDALL. 766 00:50:13,581 --> 00:50:19,104 THE PERSECUTIONS BECAME UNBEARABLE. 767 00:50:19,171 --> 00:50:22,524 A NEWSPAPER WAS PUBLISHED, WHOSE SOLE MISSION 768 00:50:22,590 --> 00:50:25,376 WAS TO MISREPRESENT AND VILIFY OUR PEOPLE. 769 00:50:25,443 --> 00:50:28,730 EVERY ISSUE CONTAINED LOW, VULGAR ARTICLES. 770 00:50:28,796 --> 00:50:32,800 MY NAME FREQUENTLY CAME OUT IN GLOWING COLORS, 771 00:50:32,867 --> 00:50:39,374 CALLING ME A PROSTITUTE, MISTRESS, ET CETERA. 772 00:50:39,441 --> 00:50:41,877 Narrator: ON JULY 10, 1884, 773 00:50:41,943 --> 00:50:45,363 TWO MONTHS AFTER LEARNING SHE WAS PREGNANT, 774 00:50:45,430 --> 00:50:49,533 IDA WAS TOLD THAT FEDERAL MARSHALS WERE IN ARIZONA 775 00:50:49,600 --> 00:50:55,290 ARRESTING MEN AND SERVING THEIR PLURAL WIVES WITH SUBPOENAS. 776 00:50:57,342 --> 00:51:00,745 UNDER COVER OF DARKNESS, SHE SLIPPED OUT OF TOWN 777 00:51:00,812 --> 00:51:04,449 AND ENTERED WHAT THE MORMONS CALLED "THE UNDERGROUND," 778 00:51:04,516 --> 00:51:07,685 SHUTTLING FROM ONE HIDING PLACE TO ANOTHER, 779 00:51:07,752 --> 00:51:10,489 OFTEN USING ASSUMED NAMES 780 00:51:10,555 --> 00:51:14,658 WHILE SHE WAS HARBORED BY CHURCH MEMBERS. 781 00:51:17,061 --> 00:51:19,731 AFTER BEING SEPARATED FROM HER FAMILY 782 00:51:19,798 --> 00:51:22,066 FOR MORE THAN HALF A YEAR, 783 00:51:22,133 --> 00:51:26,304 SHE LEARNED THROUGH A NEWSPAPER THAT HER MOTHER HAD DIED. 784 00:51:26,370 --> 00:51:30,108 THAT SAME DAY, SHE GAVE BIRTH TO A DAUGHTER. 785 00:51:32,927 --> 00:51:37,632 Ida:DEAR DAVID, TODAY I HAVE HAD A LETTER 786 00:51:37,698 --> 00:51:41,569 SAYING THAT THE APOSTLES WILL NOT CONSENT 787 00:51:41,636 --> 00:51:44,272 FOR ME TO RETURN TO ARIZONA, 788 00:51:44,339 --> 00:51:49,260 AND SAY THAT I MUST LOSE MYSELF AGAIN IF POSSIBLE. 789 00:51:49,344 --> 00:51:55,867 OH, DADE, I NEVER MISSED YOU AS I DO TONIGHT. 790 00:51:55,934 --> 00:51:59,754 THE WORLD SEEMS SO LONELY, 791 00:51:59,821 --> 00:52:03,408 SO LOVELESS WITHOUT YOU. 792 00:52:03,474 --> 00:52:09,447 HOW LONG WILL THE LORD REQUIRE HIS POOR, WEAK CHILDREN 793 00:52:09,513 --> 00:52:12,634 TO BE THUS TRIED? 794 00:52:15,904 --> 00:52:20,858 David:MY DEAR GIRL, BETTER THAT I HAD SUFFERED IMPRISONMENT 795 00:52:20,925 --> 00:52:24,378 THAN TO HAVE YOU GOING BY ANOTHER NAME 796 00:52:24,445 --> 00:52:28,950 AND RUNNING HERE AND THERE FOR FEAR OF BEING KNOWN. 797 00:52:29,017 --> 00:52:36,140 IT TOUCHES THE MANLY FEELINGS OF ANY MAN TO SUCH A DEGREE 798 00:52:36,207 --> 00:52:39,661 THAT IT IS ALMOST UNBEARABLE. 799 00:52:39,727 --> 00:52:44,299 GOD BLESS YOU IN YOUR WANDERING. 800 00:52:45,966 --> 00:52:48,436 Ida:FEBRUARY 26, 1886. 801 00:52:48,503 --> 00:52:52,774 AS I WRITE, PAULINE IS LAYING IN BED, 802 00:52:52,841 --> 00:52:57,311 LAUGHING, TALKING, AND BITING HER TOES. 803 00:52:57,378 --> 00:53:01,549 DEAR, LITTLE REFUGEE -- HOW SHE WOULD LOVE HER PAPA, 804 00:53:01,616 --> 00:53:04,669 IF SHE COULD EVER HAVE THE PRIVILEGE 805 00:53:04,735 --> 00:53:06,938 OF MAKING HIS ACQUAINTANCE. 806 00:53:07,004 --> 00:53:12,160 BUT HOW UTTERLY SHE IS EXILED FROM HIS HEART, 807 00:53:12,226 --> 00:53:18,333 FOR IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO LOVE A CHILD WHOM YOU NEVER SEE. 808 00:53:18,399 --> 00:53:21,635 Narrator: THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INTENSIFIED ITS PRESSURE 809 00:53:21,702 --> 00:53:24,155 ON THE MORMONS. 810 00:53:24,222 --> 00:53:26,591 MORE LEADERS WERE SENT TO JAIL. 811 00:53:26,658 --> 00:53:29,093 ALL MORMONS, POLYGAMISTS OR NOT, 812 00:53:29,160 --> 00:53:32,013 WERE TO BE PROHIBITED FROM VOTING. 813 00:53:32,080 --> 00:53:36,851 FEDERAL MARSHALS THREATENED TO CONFISCATE CHURCH PROPERTY. 814 00:53:36,917 --> 00:53:42,039 Udall: THE CHURCH WAS BEING DRIVEN TOWARDS BANKRUPTCY. 815 00:53:42,106 --> 00:53:45,092 IT WAS CLEAR THEY HAD TO MAKE A CHANGE, 816 00:53:45,159 --> 00:53:48,413 AND I THINK THIS WAS A VERY PRAGMATIC DECISION, 817 00:53:48,479 --> 00:53:52,133 TO SAY, "POLYGAMY IS DRAGGING THE CHURCH DOWN, 818 00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:55,153 AND WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO GIVE IT UP." 819 00:53:55,219 --> 00:54:00,141 Narrator: FINALLY, THE CHURCH PRESIDENT, WILFORD WOODRUFF, 820 00:54:00,207 --> 00:54:03,628 RETIRED TO HIS STUDY IN SALT LAKE CITY 821 00:54:03,694 --> 00:54:06,348 AND EMERGED WITH A REVELATION. 822 00:54:06,414 --> 00:54:09,767 HE ADVISED ALL MORMONS TO OBEY CONGRESS 823 00:54:09,834 --> 00:54:13,888 AND REFRAIN FROM ENTERING INTO PLURAL MARRIAGES. 824 00:54:13,955 --> 00:54:17,408 HE AND THE OTHER MORMON LEADERS NOW BELIEVED 825 00:54:17,475 --> 00:54:20,495 THEIR BEST HOPE LAY IN STATEHOOD. 826 00:54:20,561 --> 00:54:24,966 TO WIN IT, THEY DISBANDED THE CHURCH'S POLITICAL PARTY, 827 00:54:25,033 --> 00:54:29,604 DIVESTED THEMSELVES OF MOST OF THE CHURCH'S BUSINESSES, 828 00:54:29,670 --> 00:54:32,523 AND DREW UP A STATE CONSTITUTION 829 00:54:32,590 --> 00:54:36,494 THAT FINALLY SEPARATED CHURCH FROM STATE, 830 00:54:36,560 --> 00:54:38,696 AND OUTLAWED POLYGAMY. 831 00:54:38,763 --> 00:54:42,283 ON JANUARY 6, 1896, 832 00:54:42,350 --> 00:54:49,056 UTAH, WHICH HAD BEEN FOUNDED AS A REFUGEFROMTHE UNITED STATES, 833 00:54:49,107 --> 00:54:55,096 WAS ADMITTED TO THE UNION AS THE 45th STATE. 834 00:54:58,316 --> 00:55:02,220 IDA HUNT UDALL SPENT 2 1/2 YEARS IN EXILE. 835 00:55:02,286 --> 00:55:06,824 DAVID, WHO REFUSED TO GIVE UP EITHER OF HIS WIVES, 836 00:55:06,891 --> 00:55:09,460 HAD GONE TO JAIL FOR A TIME. 837 00:55:09,526 --> 00:55:14,915 BUT HIS AND IDA'S COMMITMENT TO THEIR BELIEFS AND EACH OTHER 838 00:55:14,982 --> 00:55:16,483 NEVER WAVERED. 839 00:55:16,550 --> 00:55:22,006 THEY WERE FINALLY REUNITED, AND HAD FIVE MORE CHILDREN TOGETHER, 840 00:55:22,072 --> 00:55:27,028 THREE OF THEM AFTER THE MORMON CHURCH RENOUNCED POLYGAMY. 841 00:55:27,094 --> 00:55:31,432 Ida:THE CHURCH COULD NOT UNDO WHAT HAD BEEN DONE 842 00:55:31,499 --> 00:55:34,068 IN PRACTICING PLURAL MARRIAGE. 843 00:55:34,118 --> 00:55:39,023 THE LORD TOOK CARE OF US, AND WILL CONTINUE TO CARE FOR US. 844 00:55:39,090 --> 00:55:43,528 THOSE WHO LIVE THAT ORDER OF MARRIAGE RIGHTEOUSLY 845 00:55:43,595 --> 00:55:47,531 WILL HAVE GLORY ADDED TO THEIR POSTERITY. 846 00:55:54,522 --> 00:55:56,957 Man: THERE'S A SENSE 847 00:55:57,025 --> 00:55:59,910 IN THE WHOLE LATE 19th-CENTURY UNITED STATES 848 00:55:59,977 --> 00:56:02,713 THAT THE COUNTRY CAN BE MADE INTO 849 00:56:02,780 --> 00:56:06,000 A SINGLE, UNIFIED, COHERENT PLACE. 850 00:56:06,066 --> 00:56:07,419 AND AT THE SAME TIME, 851 00:56:07,485 --> 00:56:10,805 THERE'S A SENSE THAT YOU'RE GOING TO MAKE IT INTO -- 852 00:56:10,872 --> 00:56:14,325 IN THIS 19th-CENTURY PHRASE -- A WHITE MAN'S COUNTRY. 853 00:56:14,409 --> 00:56:17,111 AND THE WEST IS A VERY MIXED PLACE. 854 00:56:17,178 --> 00:56:19,998 IT'S FULL OF CHINESE, IT'S FULL OF MORMONS, 855 00:56:20,064 --> 00:56:22,833 IT'S FULL OF MEXICANS WHO HAVE BECOME MEXICAN-AMERICANS, 856 00:56:22,900 --> 00:56:24,869 IT'S FULL OF INDIAN PEOPLES. 857 00:56:24,935 --> 00:56:31,075 AND THE QUESTION BECOMES, "WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO ABOUT THEM?" 858 00:56:43,954 --> 00:56:48,059 LET US FORGET ONCE AND FOREVER THE WORD "INDIAN" 859 00:56:48,126 --> 00:56:52,279 AND ALL THAT IT HAS SIGNIFIED IN THE PAST, 860 00:56:52,346 --> 00:56:55,299 AND REMEMBER ONLY THAT WE ARE DEALING WITH 861 00:56:55,366 --> 00:56:58,719 SO MANY CHILDREN OF A COMMON FATHER -- 862 00:56:58,785 --> 00:57:02,957 CHARLES C. PAINTER. 863 00:57:03,023 --> 00:57:05,643 Narrator: IN THE AUTUMN OF 1883, 864 00:57:05,710 --> 00:57:10,314 A GROUP OF WHITE PEOPLE GATHERED AT THE MOHONK MOUNTAIN HOUSE 865 00:57:10,381 --> 00:57:12,216 IN UPSTATE NEW YORK. 866 00:57:12,283 --> 00:57:16,571 THEY WERE CLERGYMEN, GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, SOCIAL WORKERS, 867 00:57:16,637 --> 00:57:18,439 AND ALTHOUGH SOME OF THEM 868 00:57:18,505 --> 00:57:22,677 HAD NEVER BEEN TO THE WEST, OR ACTUALLY MET AN INDIAN, 869 00:57:22,743 --> 00:57:26,664 THEY WERE CONVINCED THEY KNEW HOW TO BRING NATIVE AMERICANS 870 00:57:26,730 --> 00:57:29,484 INTO THE MAINSTREAM OF AMERICAN LIFE. 871 00:57:29,550 --> 00:57:32,737 THE DECISIONS THEY WOULD MAKE WOULD CHANGE THE LIVES 872 00:57:32,803 --> 00:57:40,128 OF ALL THE INDIAN PEOPLES OF THE WEST, FOREVER. 873 00:57:40,194 --> 00:57:42,697 White: THE NAME REFORMERS HAD FOR THEMSELVES 874 00:57:42,763 --> 00:57:44,531 WAS "FRIENDS OF THE INDIANS." 875 00:57:44,598 --> 00:57:46,800 IT'S A VERY REVEALING NAME. 876 00:57:46,867 --> 00:57:49,053 WHAT THEY SAW THEMSELVES AS DOING 877 00:57:49,119 --> 00:57:51,772 WAS SHARING THE BLESSINGS OF CHRISTIANITY 878 00:57:51,838 --> 00:57:54,441 AND THE BLESSINGS OF MODERN CIVILIZATION 879 00:57:54,508 --> 00:57:57,128 WITH PEOPLE WHO DID NOT YET HAVE IT. 880 00:57:57,195 --> 00:57:59,113 THEY WERE GOING TO PROTECT THEIR RIGHTS. 881 00:57:59,179 --> 00:58:00,581 THEY WERE GOING TO RAISE THEM UP 882 00:58:00,648 --> 00:58:03,217 TO THE LEVEL OF OTHERS IN AMERICAN SOCIETY. 883 00:58:03,284 --> 00:58:05,436 AND THEY WERE GOING TO TRY TO ABSORB THEM 884 00:58:05,503 --> 00:58:07,572 INTO WHAT THEY SAW AS THE BEST QUALITIES 885 00:58:07,639 --> 00:58:09,640 OF AMERICAN PROTESTANT CIVILIZATION. 886 00:58:09,707 --> 00:58:12,109 AND, AS THEY SAW IT, WHO COULD ARGUE WITH THAT? 887 00:58:12,176 --> 00:58:15,429 Narrator: THE "FRIENDS OF THE INDIAN" 888 00:58:15,496 --> 00:58:19,216 WANTED TO TRANSFORM THE YOUNGEST GENERATION 889 00:58:19,283 --> 00:58:21,452 AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE. 890 00:58:21,518 --> 00:58:23,654 INDIAN CHILDREN AS YOUNG AS FIVE 891 00:58:23,721 --> 00:58:26,607 WERE TO BE TAKEN FROM THEIR FAMILIES 892 00:58:26,674 --> 00:58:29,760 AND SENT HALFWAY ACROSS THE CONTINENT 893 00:58:29,827 --> 00:58:34,732 TO THE UNITED STATES INDIAN TRAINING AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL 894 00:58:34,799 --> 00:58:37,234 AT CARLISLE, PENNSYLVANIA. 895 00:58:37,301 --> 00:58:40,954 Woman: IT WAS A MILITARY SCHOOL, 896 00:58:41,021 --> 00:58:44,992 AND THEY WERE TRYING TO MAKE WHITE PEOPLE OUT OF THEM. 897 00:58:45,059 --> 00:58:48,930 THEN, WHEN THEY TOOK THE CHILDREN AWAY FROM THE MOTHERS, 898 00:58:48,996 --> 00:58:53,067 THEY JUST KNEW THEY WOULD NEVER SEE THEIR CHILDREN ANY MORE. 899 00:58:53,133 --> 00:58:57,839 AND THEN THEY DIDN'T THINK ABOUT SCHOOL -- 900 00:58:57,905 --> 00:59:00,891 THEY DIDN'T KNOW WHETHER OR NOT THEY REALLY WENT TO SCHOOL 901 00:59:00,958 --> 00:59:02,577 OR WERE GOING TO BE KILLED. 902 00:59:02,643 --> 00:59:06,113 OUR BELONGINGS WERE TAKEN FROM US, 903 00:59:06,180 --> 00:59:10,751 EVEN THE LITTLE MEDICINE BAGS OUR MOTHERS HAD GIVEN US 904 00:59:10,818 --> 00:59:12,653 TO PROTECT US FROM HARM. 905 00:59:12,719 --> 00:59:17,257 EVERYTHING WAS PLACED IN A HEAP AND SET AFIRE-- 906 00:59:17,325 --> 00:59:21,044 LONE WOLF. 907 00:59:21,112 --> 00:59:25,682 Woman:ALL THE BOYS IN OUR SCHOOL WERE GIVEN ENGLISH NAMES 908 00:59:25,749 --> 00:59:27,651 BECAUSE THEIR INDIAN NAMES 909 00:59:27,718 --> 00:59:31,989 WERE DIFFICULT FOR THE TEACHERS TO PRONOUNCE. 910 00:59:32,056 --> 00:59:35,843 BESIDES, THE ABORIGINAL NAMES WERE CONSIDERED 911 00:59:35,910 --> 00:59:38,930 BY THE MISSIONARIES AS "HEATHENISH." 912 00:59:38,996 --> 00:59:42,149 AND SO, IN THE PLACE OF TAE-NOO-GA-WA-ZHE 913 00:59:42,216 --> 00:59:44,251 CAME "PHILIP SHERIDAN." 914 00:59:44,318 --> 00:59:50,775 AND THAT OF WA-PAH-DAE, "ULYSSES S. GRANT." 915 00:59:58,198 --> 01:00:00,601 Narrator: WITHIN 20 YEARS, 916 01:00:00,668 --> 01:00:04,639 THERE WERE 24 OTHER OFF-RESERVATION SCHOOLS, 917 01:00:04,705 --> 01:00:06,257 LIKE CARLISLE, 918 01:00:06,323 --> 01:00:13,880 AND 81 BOARDING SCHOOLS AND 147 DAY SCHOOLSONTHE RESERVATIONS. 919 01:00:13,947 --> 01:00:18,218 DOG CREEK, FOREST GROVE, POCATELLO, 920 01:00:18,285 --> 01:00:21,805 FORT DEFIANCE, FORT CONCHO. 921 01:00:21,872 --> 01:00:25,676 DESPITE THEIR GRIM REALITY, MANY INDIANS SAW THEM 922 01:00:25,743 --> 01:00:29,663 AS THE BEST AVAILABLE WAY TO PREPARE THEIR CHILDREN 923 01:00:29,730 --> 01:00:33,167 FOR A NEW LIFE IN THE WHITE MAN'S WORLD. 924 01:00:33,234 --> 01:00:37,821 EVEN SITTING BULL MADE SURE HIS CHILDREN WERE SENT TO SCHOOL, 925 01:00:37,889 --> 01:00:40,024 INCLUDING HIS SON CROW FOOT, 926 01:00:40,091 --> 01:00:43,994 WHO HAD SURRENDERED HIS FATHER'S RIFLE TO THE ARMY 927 01:00:44,061 --> 01:00:45,346 AT FORT BUFORD. 928 01:00:45,412 --> 01:00:49,333 ALL INDIAN SCHOOLS SHARED THE SAME GOAL -- 929 01:00:49,399 --> 01:00:52,153 "EDUCATION," SAID ONE REFORMER, 930 01:00:52,219 --> 01:00:56,073 "SHOULD SEEK THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE TRIBES. 931 01:00:56,140 --> 01:00:59,810 "THEY SHOULD BE EDUCATED NOT AS INDIANS, 932 01:00:59,877 --> 01:01:01,813 BUT AS AMERICANS." 933 01:01:07,101 --> 01:01:10,538 EVEN IF ONE WAS SUCCESSFUL AT INDIAN SCHOOL -- 934 01:01:10,605 --> 01:01:14,458 LET'S SAY THAT ONE WENT OFF TO CARLISLE AND GRADUATED 935 01:01:14,525 --> 01:01:15,276 AND CAME BACK. 936 01:01:15,342 --> 01:01:18,128 WHAT PLACE DID THAT MAN HAVE 937 01:01:18,195 --> 01:01:20,681 IN A SOCIETY THAT HAD NOT CHANGED? 938 01:01:20,747 --> 01:01:23,134 THAT DIDN'T NEED TO HAVE SOMEBODY 939 01:01:23,200 --> 01:01:27,504 THAT KNEW HOW TO PLAY THE FRENCH HORN OR DO THE IRISH JIG. 940 01:01:27,571 --> 01:01:30,425 THEY HAD NO VALUE IN THAT SOCIETY. 941 01:01:30,491 --> 01:01:33,293 I THINK ONE OF THE CONTRASTS WAS, 942 01:01:33,360 --> 01:01:35,462 WHAT KIND OF SHOE DO YOU WEAR? 943 01:01:35,529 --> 01:01:38,749 YOU KNOW, DO YOU WEAR A MOCCASIN 944 01:01:38,815 --> 01:01:41,703 OR DO YOU WEAR THE WHITE MAN'S SHOE? 945 01:01:41,769 --> 01:01:45,539 Woman: YES, THEY TOOK OUR DIALECT AWAY. 946 01:01:45,606 --> 01:01:47,975 WHEN I WENT TO CONCHO -- 947 01:01:48,041 --> 01:01:52,513 MY LITTLE FRIENDS -- WE ALL SPOKE OUR DIALECT. 948 01:01:52,580 --> 01:01:56,950 AND WE WERE TOLD NOT TO TALK IT. SPEAK ENGLISH. 949 01:01:57,017 --> 01:02:00,771 SO OUR MATRON, A BIG, HUSKY WHITE LADY -- 950 01:02:00,838 --> 01:02:03,107 HER NAME WAS GARRETT -- 951 01:02:03,173 --> 01:02:07,411 WHEN SOMEBODY SAID, "MOTHER GARRETT'S COMING," 952 01:02:07,478 --> 01:02:11,982 WE ALL TRIED TO KEEP QUIET, BUT SHE HEARD ME. 953 01:02:12,049 --> 01:02:16,120 MOTHER GARRETT JERKED ME BY THE COLLAR OF MY DRESS 954 01:02:16,187 --> 01:02:18,689 AND DRUG ME IN THE BATHROOM. 955 01:02:18,755 --> 01:02:24,628 THAT LYE SOAP WAS ABOUT THAT BIG AND ABOUT THAT HIGH. 956 01:02:24,695 --> 01:02:29,366 SHE BROKE OFF A PIECE, AND SHE WASHED MY MOUTH WITH LYE SOAP. 957 01:02:29,433 --> 01:02:33,337 SHE SAID, "DON'T YOU EVER SPEAK INDIAN AGAIN... 958 01:02:33,403 --> 01:02:37,257 OR I'M GOING TO WASH YOUR MOUTH AGAIN." 959 01:02:37,324 --> 01:02:41,428 AND MY TONGUE GOT BLISTERED FROM THAT LYE. 960 01:02:45,366 --> 01:02:52,305 [ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ] 961 01:03:12,910 --> 01:03:16,714 [ CHANTING CONTINUES ] 962 01:03:29,026 --> 01:03:34,798 THE ZUNI FAITH IS AS A DROP OF OIL IN WATER -- 963 01:03:34,865 --> 01:03:38,301 SURROUNDED AND TOUCHED AT EVERY POINT, 964 01:03:38,369 --> 01:03:42,122 YET IN NO PLACE PENETRATED OR CHANGED INWARDLY 965 01:03:42,173 --> 01:03:46,226 BY THE FLOOD OF ALIEN BELIEF THAT DESCENDED UPON IT. 966 01:03:46,293 --> 01:03:50,731 THE ZUNI ADJUSTS OTHER BELIEFS AND OPINIONS TO HIS OWN, 967 01:03:50,798 --> 01:03:55,001 BUT NEVER HIS OWN BELIEFS AND OPINIONS TO OTHERS. 968 01:03:55,068 --> 01:03:57,071 IN RELIGIOUS CULTURE, 969 01:03:57,137 --> 01:04:02,659 THE ZUNI IS ALMOST THE SAME AS ERE HIS LAND WAS DISCOVERED-- 970 01:04:02,743 --> 01:04:05,112 FRANK CUSHING. 971 01:04:11,469 --> 01:04:14,988 Narrator: IN 1879, A FRAIL BUT EAGER 22-YEAR-OLD 972 01:04:15,055 --> 01:04:17,507 NAMED FRANK HAMILTON CUSHING 973 01:04:17,574 --> 01:04:21,428 ARRIVED AT THE ZUNI PUEBLO IN NEW MEXICO. 974 01:04:21,494 --> 01:04:25,316 THREE AND A HALF CENTURIES EARLIER, THE ZUNIS 975 01:04:25,382 --> 01:04:30,738 HAD BEEN AMONG THE FIRST INDIANS OF THE WEST TO MEET A EUROPEAN, 976 01:04:30,804 --> 01:04:35,959 THE EXPLORER, CORONADO, WHO HAD STORMED THEIR VILLAGE IN 1540. 977 01:04:36,026 --> 01:04:39,730 CUSHING HAD ARRIVED FOR AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT REASON. 978 01:04:39,797 --> 01:04:42,866 HE HAD BEEN FASCINATED BY TALES OF INDIANS 979 01:04:42,950 --> 01:04:45,953 EVER SINCE HE HAD DISCOVERED AN ARROWHEAD 980 01:04:46,020 --> 01:04:49,339 NEAR HIS HOME IN CENTRAL NEW YORK AS A BOY. 981 01:04:49,423 --> 01:04:52,777 NOW, HE WAS PART OF THE FIRST EXPEDITION 982 01:04:52,843 --> 01:04:56,330 OF THE NEWLY FORMED U.S. BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. 983 01:04:56,396 --> 01:05:00,901 SENT TO SURVEY INDIAN TRIBES AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE, 984 01:05:00,968 --> 01:05:03,003 ON THE BELIEF THAT NATIVE AMERICANS 985 01:05:03,070 --> 01:05:06,456 AND THEIR CUSTOMS WERE ABOUT TO DISAPPEAR. 986 01:05:06,523 --> 01:05:09,443 TO THE SHOCK OF HIS EASTERN COMPANIONS, 987 01:05:09,509 --> 01:05:13,847 CUSHING IMMEDIATELY MOVED IN TO ONE OF THE INDIANS' HOMES, 988 01:05:13,914 --> 01:05:16,584 AND ANNOUNCED HE INTENDED TO STAY. 989 01:05:16,650 --> 01:05:20,288 "THE BEST WAY TO UNDERSTAND INDIANS," HE SAID, 990 01:05:20,354 --> 01:05:22,822 "WAS TO LIVE THE WAY THEY DID." 991 01:05:22,889 --> 01:05:26,476 CUSHING LEARNED POTTERY MAKING, 992 01:05:26,543 --> 01:05:30,681 COOKING, AND THE ZUNIS' LANGUAGE. 993 01:05:34,602 --> 01:05:38,639 HE WORE ZUNI CLOTHING, GREW HIS HAIR LONG, 994 01:05:38,705 --> 01:05:43,343 HAD HIS EARS PIERCED, AND ADOPTED A ZUNI NAME -- 995 01:05:43,410 --> 01:05:47,398 TENATSALI -- "MEDICINE FLOWER." 996 01:05:49,951 --> 01:05:51,852 THE ZUNIS ACCEPTED CUSHING 997 01:05:51,919 --> 01:05:55,005 INTO THEIR SACRED PRIESTHOOD OF THE BOW, 998 01:05:55,072 --> 01:05:57,341 BUT ONLY AFTER HE WENT THROUGH 999 01:05:57,408 --> 01:06:00,210 THE LENGTHY AND TORTUOUS INITIATION, 1000 01:06:00,294 --> 01:06:02,763 WHICH INCLUDED DAYS OF FASTING, 1001 01:06:02,830 --> 01:06:06,283 SITTING MOTIONLESS ON A HILL OF FIRE ANTS, 1002 01:06:06,350 --> 01:06:08,852 AND TAKING AN ENEMY'S SCALP. 1003 01:06:08,920 --> 01:06:12,973 CUSHING WAS NOW AN INFLUENTIAL MEMBER OF THE TRIBE. 1004 01:06:13,040 --> 01:06:16,093 HE TOOK PART IN THEIR COUNCILS, 1005 01:06:16,160 --> 01:06:20,298 AND HE JOINED A WAR PARTY AGAINST NAVAJO RAIDERS, 1006 01:06:20,364 --> 01:06:24,835 ENRAGING THE NAVAJOS' INDIAN AGENT. 1007 01:06:24,901 --> 01:06:28,422 MR. GALEN EASTMAN, NAVAJO INDIAN AGENCY, 1008 01:06:28,489 --> 01:06:31,191 FORT DEFIANCE, ARIZONA TERRITORY. 1009 01:06:31,258 --> 01:06:34,812 SIR, IT IS QUITE TRUE THAT I FIRED NOT TWICE, 1010 01:06:34,895 --> 01:06:38,915 BUT THREE TIMES INTO TWO DIFFERENT BANDS OF HORSES 1011 01:06:38,982 --> 01:06:42,168 BELONGING TO THE NAVAJO INDIANS. 1012 01:06:42,235 --> 01:06:45,156 IT IS POSSIBLE THAT, AS I INTENDED, 1013 01:06:45,222 --> 01:06:47,358 I KILLED ONE OR TWO OF THEM, 1014 01:06:47,425 --> 01:06:50,744 ALTHOUGH OF THIS, I CANNOT BE CERTAIN. 1015 01:06:50,811 --> 01:06:52,245 REST ASSURED, SIR, 1016 01:06:52,312 --> 01:06:57,318 THAT WHEN ALL OF OUR GRIEVANCES ARE SET RIGHT BY THE NAVAJOS, 1017 01:06:57,384 --> 01:07:00,921 WE SHALL BE THEN VERY READY TO SAY "AMEN" 1018 01:07:00,988 --> 01:07:04,558 AND TO ACT ALL THINGS ARIGHT ON OUR SIDE. 1019 01:07:04,625 --> 01:07:08,728 VERY RESPECTFULLY, YOUR OBEDIENT SERVANT -- 1020 01:07:08,796 --> 01:07:12,833 F.H. CUSHING, 1st WAR CHIEF OF ZUNI, 1021 01:07:12,900 --> 01:07:15,803 U.S. ASSISTANT ETHNOLOGIST. 1022 01:07:15,869 --> 01:07:18,438 Narrator: CUSHING CONTINUED TO QUARREL 1023 01:07:18,505 --> 01:07:21,258 WITH MISSIONARIES AND INDIAN AGENTS 1024 01:07:21,325 --> 01:07:23,944 INTENT ON CHANGING THE ZUNIS. 1025 01:07:24,010 --> 01:07:25,996 BUT WHEN HE EXPOSED A SCHEME 1026 01:07:26,063 --> 01:07:29,149 BY RELATIVES OF A POWERFUL U.S. SENATOR 1027 01:07:29,216 --> 01:07:31,768 TO BUILD A RANCH ON ZUNI LAND, 1028 01:07:31,835 --> 01:07:34,922 HIS SUPERIORS ORDERED HIM BACK HOME. 1029 01:07:34,989 --> 01:07:40,677 HE HAD BEEN SENT TO STUDY THE ZUNIS -- NOT BECOME ONE. 1030 01:07:40,745 --> 01:07:45,315 IN 1884, CUSHING RETURNED TO WASHINGTON. 1031 01:07:51,655 --> 01:07:55,009 MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY LATER, IN 1938, 1032 01:07:55,075 --> 01:07:58,929 AN ARCHEOLOGIST REPORTED THAT OLDER ZUNI PEOPLE, 1033 01:07:58,996 --> 01:08:02,566 NOT KNOWING THAT CUSHING HAD DIED IN 1900, 1034 01:08:02,633 --> 01:08:07,137 STILL WONDERED WHY THEIR GOOD FRIEND MEDICINE FLOWER 1035 01:08:07,203 --> 01:08:09,106 HAD NEVER RETURNED. 1036 01:08:22,519 --> 01:08:27,507 IN 1886, THE ONLY NEW RANGE LEFT IN MONTANA 1037 01:08:27,574 --> 01:08:30,294 WAS NORTH OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. 1038 01:08:30,360 --> 01:08:31,545 THE NORTHERN PACIFIC 1039 01:08:31,612 --> 01:08:33,547 WAS RUNNING THROUGH CENTRAL MONTANA. 1040 01:08:33,614 --> 01:08:35,282 AND THE SETTLERS HAD COME IN SO THICK, 1041 01:08:35,349 --> 01:08:37,817 THEY WAS CROWDING THE CATTLEMEN EVERYWHERE, 1042 01:08:37,884 --> 01:08:40,453 CAUSING THE RANGE TO BE OVERSTOCKED-- 1043 01:08:40,520 --> 01:08:43,073 TEDDY "BLUE" ABBOTT. 1044 01:08:43,140 --> 01:08:46,126 Narrator: BY THE SUMMER OF 1886, 1045 01:08:46,193 --> 01:08:51,031 THE ONCE BOOMING CATTLE BUSINESS WAS IN TROUBLE. 1046 01:08:56,853 --> 01:09:01,708 7 1/2 MILLION HUNGRY CATTLE WERE NOW COMPETING FOR GRASSES 1047 01:09:01,776 --> 01:09:06,413 WHICH EVERY YEAR GREW LESS PLENTIFUL FROM OVERGRAZING. 1048 01:09:06,479 --> 01:09:09,699 IN SOME PLACES WHERE IT HAD ONCE TAKEN 1049 01:09:09,766 --> 01:09:13,236 JUST FIVE ACRES OF LAND TO SUPPORT A STEER, 1050 01:09:13,303 --> 01:09:15,639 IT NOW TOOK MORE THAN 90. 1051 01:09:15,705 --> 01:09:18,058 BIG HERDS OF VORACIOUS SHEEP 1052 01:09:18,125 --> 01:09:21,996 WERE BEGINNING TO MOVE ACROSS THE LANDSCAPE. 1053 01:09:22,062 --> 01:09:26,633 AND FARMERS WERE APPEARING, TURNING GRASSLANDS INTO FIELDS, 1054 01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:32,122 PUTTING UP BARBED WIRE FENCES, DRIVING CATTLE FROM THEIR CROPS. 1055 01:09:32,189 --> 01:09:37,010 MEANWHILE, BEEF PRICES WERE DROPPING. 1056 01:09:39,429 --> 01:09:44,217 THE SUMMER OF 1886 WAS HOT AND DRY. 1057 01:09:44,284 --> 01:09:51,525 ON THE OVERGRAZED RANGES, THE CATTLE GREW THIN AND WEAK. 1058 01:09:51,575 --> 01:09:54,110 THEN CAME WINTER. 1059 01:09:57,464 --> 01:10:00,533 Man:IN NOVEMBER, WE HAD SEVERAL SNOW STORMS. 1060 01:10:00,584 --> 01:10:04,037 AND I SAW THE FIRST WHITE OWLS I HAVE EVER SEEN. 1061 01:10:04,104 --> 01:10:06,907 THE INDIANS SAID THEY WERE A BAD SIGN -- 1062 01:10:06,973 --> 01:10:09,142 "HEAP SNOW COMING, VERY COLD." 1063 01:10:09,209 --> 01:10:12,612 IT GOT COLDER AND COLDER. 1064 01:10:12,679 --> 01:10:16,850 IT WAS HELL...WITHOUT THE HEAT. 1065 01:10:16,917 --> 01:10:19,752 Narrator: ON THE NORTHERN PLAINS, 1066 01:10:19,819 --> 01:10:23,006 IT BEGAN SNOWING ON NOVEMBER 13, 1886, 1067 01:10:23,073 --> 01:10:25,375 AND DID NOT STOP FOR A MONTH. 1068 01:10:25,442 --> 01:10:28,262 THE CATTLE STRUGGLED TO STAY ALIVE, 1069 01:10:28,328 --> 01:10:30,364 NOSING THROUGH THE SNOW 1070 01:10:30,431 --> 01:10:34,050 IN SEARCH OF WHAT LITTLE GRASS REMAINED. 1071 01:10:39,772 --> 01:10:42,926 JANUARY, 1887, WAS THE COLDEST MONTH 1072 01:10:42,993 --> 01:10:46,713 ANYONE ON THE NORTHERN PLAINS COULD RECALL. 1073 01:10:46,780 --> 01:10:51,251 "THE SNOW FELL SO HARD DURING ONE 72-HOUR BLIZZARD," 1074 01:10:51,318 --> 01:10:52,952 A SURVIVOR WROTE, 1075 01:10:53,020 --> 01:10:54,604 "THAT IT SEEMED 1076 01:10:54,688 --> 01:10:58,993 "AS IF ALL THE WORLD'S ICE, FROM TIME'S BEGINNINGS, 1077 01:10:59,059 --> 01:11:00,811 "HAD COME ON A WIND 1078 01:11:00,877 --> 01:11:05,549 WHICH HOWLED AND SCREAMED WITH THE FURY OF DEMONS." 1079 01:11:09,519 --> 01:11:13,040 Man:IT WAS ALL SO SLOW, 1080 01:11:13,107 --> 01:11:16,777 PLUNGING AFTER THEM THROUGH THE DEEP SNOW THAT WAY. 1081 01:11:16,843 --> 01:11:21,214 THE HORSES' FEET WERE CUT AND BLEEDING FROM THE HEAVY CRUST, 1082 01:11:21,281 --> 01:11:23,650 AND THE CATTLE HAD E 1083 01:11:23,716 --> 01:11:27,420 WORE OFF THEIR LEGS TO THE KNEES AND THE HOCKS. 1084 01:11:27,487 --> 01:11:29,123 AND IT WAS SURELY HELL 1085 01:11:29,189 --> 01:11:34,094 TO SEE BIG 4-YEAR-OLD STEERS JUST ABLE TO STAGGER ALONG. 1086 01:11:37,864 --> 01:11:43,020 Narrator: THE UNSHELTERED, HELPLESS CATTLE BEGAN TO DIE. 1087 01:11:43,086 --> 01:11:45,189 SOME, TOO WEAK TO STAND, 1088 01:11:45,255 --> 01:11:49,626 WERE SIMPLY BLOWN OVER BY THE SAVAGE WIND. 1089 01:11:49,692 --> 01:11:56,065 OTHERS, THEIR FEET FROZEN INTO THE ICE, DIED LIKE STATUES. 1090 01:12:09,646 --> 01:12:13,066 WHEN THE SNOW AND ICE FINALLY BEGAN TO MELT, 1091 01:12:13,133 --> 01:12:16,019 CATTLEMEN UNDERSTOOD FOR THE FIRST TIME 1092 01:12:16,085 --> 01:12:19,639 THE MAGNITUDE OF WHAT HAD HAPPENED. 1093 01:12:23,126 --> 01:12:28,014 DEAD ANIMALS WERE EVERYWHERE -- HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF THEM -- 1094 01:12:28,081 --> 01:12:32,319 SPRAWLED ACROSS THE HILLSIDES AND ALONG FENCE LINES. 1095 01:12:32,386 --> 01:12:37,273 HEAPED AT THE BOTTOM OF COULEES, WHERE THE SNOW HAD TRAPPED THEM, 1096 01:12:37,340 --> 01:12:41,111 SWOLLEN AND BOBBING IN THE RUSHING RIVERS. 1097 01:12:44,564 --> 01:12:47,751 Man:I SAW COUNTLESS CARCASSES OF CATTLE 1098 01:12:47,817 --> 01:12:49,686 GOING DOWN WITH THE ICE, 1099 01:12:49,752 --> 01:12:52,639 ROLLING OVER AND OVER AS THEY WENT, 1100 01:12:52,705 --> 01:12:56,977 SOMETIMES WITH ALL FOUR STIFFENED LEGS POINTED SKYWARD. 1101 01:12:57,043 --> 01:13:03,133 FOR DAYS ON END, TEARING DOWN WITH THE GRINDING ICE CAKES, 1102 01:13:03,199 --> 01:13:06,114 WENT DEATH'S CATTLE ROUNDUP. 1103 01:13:12,125 --> 01:13:15,829 "THE FIRST DAY I RODE OUT," ONE REMEMBERED, 1104 01:13:15,896 --> 01:13:18,298 "I NEVER SAW A LIVE ANIMAL." 1105 01:13:23,553 --> 01:13:27,457 CATTLEMEN WOULD REMEMBER THE WINTER OF 1886-1887 1106 01:13:27,524 --> 01:13:29,460 AS THE GREAT "DIE UP." 1107 01:13:29,526 --> 01:13:33,180 IN THE END, THE ONLY MEN WHO MADE MUCH MONEY 1108 01:13:33,247 --> 01:13:38,268 ON THE NORTHERN CATTLE RANGES THAT SPRING WERE SCAVENGERS, 1109 01:13:38,335 --> 01:13:43,624 GATHERING BONES TO SELL TO FERTILIZER COMPANIES. 1110 01:13:43,690 --> 01:13:46,760 LIKE THE HOMESTEADERS, WHO HAD LEARNED 1111 01:13:46,827 --> 01:13:50,897 THAT THEY COULD NOT CHANGE THE CLIMATE OF THE WEST, 1112 01:13:50,964 --> 01:13:55,402 THE RANCHERS WHO HAD RUSHED IN DURING THE BEEF BONANZA, 1113 01:13:55,468 --> 01:13:58,821 HAD LEARNED THEY COULD NOT IGNORE IT. 1114 01:14:06,713 --> 01:14:10,717 IN ITS PRESENT FORM, STOCK RAISING ON THE PLAINS 1115 01:14:10,784 --> 01:14:14,655 IS DOOMED AND CAN HARDLY OUTLAST THE CENTURY. 1116 01:14:14,721 --> 01:14:18,208 AND WE, WHO HAVE FELT THE CHARM OF THE LIFE, 1117 01:14:18,275 --> 01:14:21,411 AND HAVE EXALTED IN ITS ABOUNDING VIGOR 1118 01:14:21,478 --> 01:14:23,997 AND ITS BOLD, RESTLESS FREEDOM, 1119 01:14:24,063 --> 01:14:28,502 MUST ALSO FEEL REAL SORROW THAT THOSE WHO COME AFTER US 1120 01:14:28,568 --> 01:14:31,204 ARE NOT TO SEE, AS WE HAVE SEEN, 1121 01:14:31,255 --> 01:14:35,091 WHAT IS PERHAPS THE PLEASANTEST, HEALTHIEST, 1122 01:14:35,159 --> 01:14:38,745 AND MOST EXCITING PHASE OF AMERICAN EXISTENCE -- 1123 01:14:38,812 --> 01:14:41,098 THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 1124 01:14:46,603 --> 01:14:48,221 [ GUNSHOTS ] 1125 01:14:48,288 --> 01:14:54,277 [ BANJO VERSION OF "STARS AND STRIPES FOREVER" PLAYS ] 1126 01:15:00,050 --> 01:15:02,201 Man:THE SHOW IS WORTH SEEING. 1127 01:15:02,268 --> 01:15:06,439 IT IS WORTH ANYBODY'S WHILE TO PUT HIMSELF INTO SOME TROUBLE 1128 01:15:06,506 --> 01:15:08,008 TO GO AND SEE IT. 1129 01:15:08,074 --> 01:15:12,078 A BETTER IDEA OF THE DANGERS PIONEERS CONFRONT, 1130 01:15:12,145 --> 01:15:15,615 OF THE RESOURCES AND SKILL THAT DIFFICULTIES BRING OUT, 1131 01:15:15,681 --> 01:15:17,850 OF THE WAY IN WHICH THE WILD WEST 1132 01:15:17,917 --> 01:15:19,819 HAS BEEN SETTLED AND CIVILIZED, 1133 01:15:19,886 --> 01:15:23,172 CAN BE OBTAINED FROM ONE VISIT TO THIS EXHIBITION 1134 01:15:23,239 --> 01:15:26,676 THAN BY READING A SCORE OF HISTORIES 1135 01:15:26,743 --> 01:15:29,346 AND A CARTLOAD OF DESCRIPTIONS. 1136 01:15:31,331 --> 01:15:35,886 Narrator: FOR 30 YEARS -- TWICE A DAY, 6 DAYS A WEEK, 1137 01:15:35,952 --> 01:15:40,006 FROM CHICAGO TO PHILADELPHIA, PARIS TO MUNICH -- 1138 01:15:40,073 --> 01:15:45,361 BUFFALO BILL BROUGHT HIS GAUDY VERSION OF THE WILD WEST 1139 01:15:45,428 --> 01:15:46,797 TO THE WORLD. 1140 01:15:46,863 --> 01:15:48,481 WILLIAM F. CODY 1141 01:15:48,548 --> 01:15:53,820 HAD DONE NEARLY EVERYTHING A MAN COULD DO IN THE WEST. 1142 01:15:53,887 --> 01:15:58,425 HE'D BEEN A GOLD SEEKER, BUFFALO HUNTER, CATTLE RANCHER, 1143 01:15:58,475 --> 01:16:00,227 AND INDIAN FIGHTER. 1144 01:16:00,293 --> 01:16:04,614 BUT, MOST OF ALL, HE WAS A SUPERB PROMOTER, 1145 01:16:04,681 --> 01:16:07,400 OF THE WEST AND OF HIMSELF. 1146 01:16:07,467 --> 01:16:09,736 ON STATEN ISLAND ONE SUMMER, 1147 01:16:09,803 --> 01:16:12,989 A MILLION PEOPLE ATTENDED HIS SHOWS. 1148 01:16:13,056 --> 01:16:16,910 ANOTHER MILLION PAID TO SEE HIM THAT WINTER 1149 01:16:16,976 --> 01:16:19,179 AT MADISON SQUARE GARDEN. 1150 01:16:19,245 --> 01:16:23,967 "EACH SEEN IS INSTRUCTIVE," ONE ADVERTISEMENT PROMISED, 1151 01:16:24,033 --> 01:16:27,587 "A YEAR'S VISIT WEST IN THREE HOURS." 1152 01:16:27,654 --> 01:16:30,339 [ APPLAUSE ] 1153 01:16:30,406 --> 01:16:32,558 IN EVERY PERFORMANCE, 1154 01:16:32,625 --> 01:16:36,562 A WAGON TRAIN WAS RAIDED BY INDIANS... 1155 01:16:36,630 --> 01:16:40,183 AND SAVED BY BUFFALO BILL. 1156 01:16:40,249 --> 01:16:43,552 A SETTLER'S CABIN WAS ATTACKED... 1157 01:16:43,637 --> 01:16:46,623 AND SAVED BY BUFFALO BILL. 1158 01:16:46,689 --> 01:16:50,293 THERE WERE PONY EXPRESS RIDERS, A BUFFALO HUNT, 1159 01:16:50,360 --> 01:16:54,431 MEXICAN VAQUEROS DISPLAYING THEIR SKILL WITH THE LASSO, 1160 01:16:54,498 --> 01:16:57,583 AND THE AUTHENTIC DEADWOOD STAGE COACH, 1161 01:16:57,651 --> 01:17:00,503 SURROUNDED BY INDIANS AND SAVED... 1162 01:17:00,570 --> 01:17:03,489 BY BUFFALO BILL. 1163 01:17:07,827 --> 01:17:10,180 BUT THE GRAND FINALE WAS A RE-ENACTMENT 1164 01:17:10,247 --> 01:17:12,782 OF THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIG HORN, 1165 01:17:12,849 --> 01:17:15,969 SHOWING WITH "HISTORICAL ACCURACY," 1166 01:17:16,036 --> 01:17:19,322 THE HANDBILLS CLAIMED, THE SCENE OF CUSTER'S LAST STAND. 1167 01:17:19,389 --> 01:17:21,558 [ AUDIENCE GASPS AND GROANS ] 1168 01:17:24,728 --> 01:17:30,050 AND, AT THE END, THERE WAS BUFFALO BILL HIMSELF, 1169 01:17:30,116 --> 01:17:32,619 IN THE CENTER OF THE BATTLEFIELD, 1170 01:17:32,685 --> 01:17:35,838 WHILE BEHIND HIM THE WORDS "TOO LATE" 1171 01:17:35,905 --> 01:17:37,774 WERE PROJECTED ONTO A SCREEN. 1172 01:17:37,841 --> 01:17:40,960 CROWDS COULDN'T GET ENOUGH OF IT. 1173 01:17:45,215 --> 01:17:50,187 EVEN LIBBY CUSTER, WHO HAD BEEN WIDOWED BY THE ACTUAL EVENT, 1174 01:17:50,253 --> 01:17:51,771 PROCLAIMED IT, 1175 01:17:51,838 --> 01:17:54,574 AND FAITHFUL REPRESENTATIONIC 1176 01:17:54,641 --> 01:17:57,627 OF A WESTERN LIFE THAT HAS CEASED TO BE." 1177 01:17:57,694 --> 01:18:02,098 SHE CAME BACK TO SEE IT MANY TIMES. 1178 01:18:08,438 --> 01:18:10,923 "IT WAS," THE SHOWMEN BOASTED, 1179 01:18:10,991 --> 01:18:15,028 "A NOISY, RATTLING, GUN POWDER ENTERTAINMENT." 1180 01:18:15,095 --> 01:18:19,015 FOR MILLIONS OF PEOPLE ALL OVER THE WORLD, 1181 01:18:19,082 --> 01:18:24,537 WILLIAM F. CODY HAD BECOME THE EMBODIMENT OF THE WEST. 1182 01:18:27,056 --> 01:18:30,409 White: BUFFALO BILL, I THINK, IS THE ONE TRUE GENIUS 1183 01:18:30,476 --> 01:18:33,146 THE 19th-CENTURY WEST REALLY PRODUCED. 1184 01:18:33,212 --> 01:18:35,898 BUFFALO BILL IS AN INCREDIBLE SELF-CRASH. 1185 01:18:35,965 --> 01:18:39,719 AND WHAT BUFFALO BILL KNEW ABOUT THE WEST IS THAT, IN FACT, 1186 01:18:39,785 --> 01:18:43,072 IT GAVE YOU THE OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE YOURSELF OVER, 1187 01:18:43,156 --> 01:18:47,393 AND THEN ONCE YOU'VE MADE A ROLE FOR YOURSELF, 1188 01:18:47,460 --> 01:18:48,812 TO INHABIT IT. 1189 01:18:48,878 --> 01:18:52,949 THE LINES BETWEEN REALITY -- THE LIVED EXPERIENCE IN THE WEST 1190 01:18:53,015 --> 01:18:57,387 AND THE MYTHIC WEST THAT BUFFALO BILL PORTRAYED FOR A LIVING -- 1191 01:18:57,453 --> 01:19:01,725 BECOME VERY, VERY BLURRED. 1192 01:19:01,791 --> 01:19:09,265 Narrator: IN 1885, SITTING BULL HIMSELF JOINED THE ENTOURAGE. 1193 01:19:09,332 --> 01:19:13,403 BILLED AS THE "SLAYER OF GENERAL CUSTER," 1194 01:19:13,469 --> 01:19:17,089 HE WAS PAID $50 A WEEK AND RESERVED THE RIGHT 1195 01:19:17,156 --> 01:19:19,625 TO PROFIT DIRECTLY FROM THE SALE 1196 01:19:19,692 --> 01:19:22,945 OF AUTOGRAPHS AND PICTURES OF HIMSELF. 1197 01:19:23,012 --> 01:19:25,247 THE AGING CHIEF WAS REQUIRED 1198 01:19:25,332 --> 01:19:30,369 ONLY TO RIDE AROUND THE ARENA ONCE A SHOW, AND AFTERWARDS, 1199 01:19:30,436 --> 01:19:34,574 TO SIGN HIS NAME FOR THE AWE-STRUCK VISITORS 1200 01:19:34,641 --> 01:19:38,745 WHO CAME TO PEER AT HIM IN HIS TEPEE. 1201 01:19:38,811 --> 01:19:41,831 Williams: IT'S INTERESTING FOR SITTING BULL BECAUSE, 1202 01:19:41,898 --> 01:19:43,382 FIRST OF ALL, IT'S A CHANCE FOR HIM 1203 01:19:43,449 --> 01:19:45,969 TO SEE THE REST OF THE WORLD AND SEE WHAT AMERICA IS ABOUT, 1204 01:19:46,036 --> 01:19:47,720 AND A LOT OF INDIAN PEOPLE THAT WENT WITH HIM -- 1205 01:19:47,787 --> 01:19:49,422 INTERPRETERS AND EVERYTHING -- 1206 01:19:49,489 --> 01:19:51,708 AND THEY REALIZED THAT THE WORLD IS CHANGED 1207 01:19:51,774 --> 01:19:53,543 AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE IS CHANGED. 1208 01:19:53,610 --> 01:19:55,711 AND WHAT'S HAPPENING ON THE RESERVATIONS 1209 01:19:55,778 --> 01:19:58,932 ISN'T NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF WHAT AMERICA COULD BE ABOUT. 1210 01:20:02,435 --> 01:20:05,755 Man: I THINK HE WAS PROBABLY, IN TURNS, 1211 01:20:05,821 --> 01:20:09,359 AMUSED AND HUMILIATED BY THE EXPERIENCE. 1212 01:20:11,444 --> 01:20:15,615 THIS WASSOMUCH UNLIKE THE REALITY 1213 01:20:15,681 --> 01:20:19,752 THAT HE HAD LIVED AS A YOUNG MAN. 1214 01:20:19,819 --> 01:20:23,706 AND, YET, IT WAS A BIZARRE REFLECTION OF THAT REALITY, TOO. 1215 01:20:23,790 --> 01:20:25,808 SO, HE MUST HAVE SEEN HIS EXPERIENCE 1216 01:20:25,875 --> 01:20:29,028 FROM A DIFFERENT ANGLE WHEN HE WAS IN THE WILD WEST SHOW. 1217 01:20:29,094 --> 01:20:32,499 Narrator: SITTING BULL LIKED BUFFALO BILL, 1218 01:20:32,565 --> 01:20:34,701 WHO GAVE HIM A HANDSOME HAT 1219 01:20:34,768 --> 01:20:38,821 AND THE GRAY HORSE HE'D RIDDEN IN THE SHOW AS GIFTS. 1220 01:20:38,905 --> 01:20:40,456 BUT HE COULD NOT UNDERSTAND 1221 01:20:40,524 --> 01:20:43,777 WHY BEGGARS WERE LEFT TO DRIFT ABOUT THE STREETS 1222 01:20:43,843 --> 01:20:44,894 OF BIG CITIES. 1223 01:20:44,961 --> 01:20:47,814 AND HE GAVE MUCH OF HIS PAY AWAY 1224 01:20:47,881 --> 01:20:51,300 TO NEWSBOYS AND HOBOS HE MET ON THE TOUR. 1225 01:20:54,187 --> 01:20:56,456 White: THIS IS A SHOW ABOUT CONQUEST. 1226 01:20:56,523 --> 01:20:59,058 THIS IS A SHOW ABOUT THE CONQUEST OF THE WEST. 1227 01:20:59,125 --> 01:21:01,194 WITH EVERYTHING THAT THE AUDIENCE SEES, 1228 01:21:01,260 --> 01:21:03,296 IS INDIANS ATTACKING WHITES. 1229 01:21:03,363 --> 01:21:06,616 THIS IS THE STRANGE STORY OF AN INVERTED CONQUEST. 1230 01:21:06,682 --> 01:21:08,617 IT'S A CELEBRATION OF CONQUEST, 1231 01:21:08,685 --> 01:21:11,537 IN WHICH THE CONQUERORS ARE THE VICTIMS. 1232 01:21:11,604 --> 01:21:13,823 AND THERE'S SOMETHING AT ONE LEVEL 1233 01:21:13,890 --> 01:21:16,476 THAT STILL IS DEEPLY WEIRD ABOUT THIS. 1234 01:21:16,542 --> 01:21:20,129 WHAT IS GOING ON WHEN YOU CELEBRATE A CONQUEST, 1235 01:21:20,196 --> 01:21:23,749 AND YOU ONLY SHOW YOURSELF BEING VICTIMIZED? 1236 01:21:23,816 --> 01:21:26,836 IT'S CONQUEST WON WITHOUT THE GUILT. 1237 01:21:26,903 --> 01:21:29,505 WE DIDN'T PLAN IT. THEY ATTACKED US. 1238 01:21:29,572 --> 01:21:33,126 AND WHEN WE ENDED UP, WE HAD THE WHOLE CONTINENT. 1239 01:21:35,361 --> 01:21:38,281 BUFFALO BILL SAYS THE WILD WEST IS OVER. 1240 01:21:38,347 --> 01:21:40,116 IT'S FINISHED, IT'S DONE. 1241 01:21:40,183 --> 01:21:43,052 THE CONQUEST OF THE WEST IS NOW TAKEN PLACE. 1242 01:21:43,118 --> 01:21:46,539 AND ALL HE CAN DO IS RE-ENACT IT FOR YOU. 1243 01:21:46,589 --> 01:21:50,075 THE WEST IS STILL OUT THERE, BUT IT'S NOT THE SAME WEST 1244 01:21:50,142 --> 01:21:53,012 THAT IT WOULD HAVE BEEN 10 OR 20 YEARS AGO. 1245 01:22:01,337 --> 01:22:04,590 Narrator: AFTER FOUR MONTHS WITH THE WILD WEST SHOW, 1246 01:22:04,657 --> 01:22:06,859 SITTING BULL RETURNED TO HIS HOME 1247 01:22:06,926 --> 01:22:09,229 AT THE STANDING ROCK RESERVATION. 1248 01:22:09,295 --> 01:22:12,815 THERE HE HAD ANOTHER OF HIS MYSTICAL VISIONS 1249 01:22:12,882 --> 01:22:16,101 ABOUT THE FUTURE. 1250 01:22:16,168 --> 01:22:21,941 [ NATIVE AMERICAN CHANTING ] 1251 01:22:22,008 --> 01:22:26,179 IN 1876, ONE VISION HAD WARNED HIM 1252 01:22:26,246 --> 01:22:31,651 THAT THE ARMY WAS MARCHING AGAINST THE LAKOTA. 1253 01:22:34,603 --> 01:22:36,622 ANOTHER VISION HAD PREDICTED 1254 01:22:36,688 --> 01:22:40,126 THAT CUSTER'S SOLDIERS AT THE LITTLE BIG HORN 1255 01:22:40,192 --> 01:22:43,463 WOULD FALL INTO HIS VILLAGE, UPSIDE DOWN. 1256 01:22:48,184 --> 01:22:53,906 BUT NOW, HE HAD A NEW VISION. THIS ONE WAS EQUALLY CLEAR. 1257 01:22:56,793 --> 01:22:59,979 WANDERING ALONE NEAR HIS HOME ONE MORNING, 1258 01:23:00,046 --> 01:23:04,634 HE WATCHED A MEADOWLARK FLUTTER DOWN ONTO A HILLOCK. 1259 01:23:04,700 --> 01:23:08,605 THEN THE BIRD SPOKE TO HIM. 1260 01:23:08,671 --> 01:23:15,445 IT SAID, "YOUR OWN PEOPLE -- LAKOTAS -- WILL KILL YOU." 1261 01:23:15,511 --> 01:23:21,100 SITTING BULL HAD FAITH IN HIS VISIONS. 1262 01:23:21,167 --> 01:23:25,071 THEY HAD ALWAYS PROVED TRUE BEFORE. 1263 01:23:32,128 --> 01:23:34,447 ♪♪ AH, NEBRASKA LAND ♪ 1264 01:23:34,513 --> 01:23:37,032 ♪ SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪ 1265 01:23:37,099 --> 01:23:41,253 ♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL I STAND ♪ 1266 01:23:41,304 --> 01:23:45,858 ♪ AND I LOOK AWAY ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪ 1267 01:23:45,925 --> 01:23:50,463 ♪ AND I WONDER WHY IT NEVER RAINS ♪ 1268 01:23:55,584 --> 01:23:58,037 ♪ WE'VE REACHED THE LAND OF DESERT SWEET ♪ 1269 01:23:58,103 --> 01:24:01,291 ♪ WHERE NOTHIN' GROWS FOR MAN TO EAT ♪ 1270 01:24:01,357 --> 01:24:04,244 ♪ AND THE WIND THAT BLOWS WITH FEVERISH HEAT ♪ 1271 01:24:04,310 --> 01:24:07,763 ♪ ACROSS THOSE PLAINS SO HARD TO BEAT ♪ 1272 01:24:07,830 --> 01:24:10,900 ♪ THAT'S NEBRASKA LAND, SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪ 1273 01:24:10,967 --> 01:24:14,237 ♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL I STAND ♪ 1274 01:24:14,303 --> 01:24:17,306 ♪ AND I LOOK AWAY ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪ 1275 01:24:17,373 --> 01:24:20,310 ♪ AND I WONDER WHY IT NEVER RAINS ♪ 1276 01:24:25,415 --> 01:24:28,117 ♪ WE HAVE NO WHEAT WE HAVE NO OATS ♪♪ 1277 01:24:28,183 --> 01:24:31,521 ♪ WE HAVE NO CORN TO FEED OUR SHOATS ♪ 1278 01:24:31,588 --> 01:24:34,323 ♪ OUR CHICKENS ARE SO VERY POOR ♪ 1279 01:24:34,390 --> 01:24:38,127 ♪ THEY BEG FOR CRUMBS OUTSIDE OUR DOOR ♪ 1280 01:24:38,194 --> 01:24:40,996 ♪ IN NEBRASKA LAND, SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪ 1281 01:24:41,063 --> 01:24:43,799 ♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL I STAND ♪ 1282 01:24:43,866 --> 01:24:47,236 ♪ AND I LOOK AWAY ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪ 1283 01:24:47,303 --> 01:24:50,506 ♪ AND I WONDER WHY IT NEVER RAINS ♪ 1284 01:24:55,111 --> 01:24:57,880 ♪♪ OUR HORSES ARE A BRONCO RACE ♪ 1285 01:24:57,947 --> 01:25:00,816 ♪ STARVATION STARES THEM IN THE FACE ♪♪ 1286 01:25:00,884 --> 01:25:07,256 ♪ WE DO NOT LIVE WE ONLY STAY ♪ 1287 01:25:07,322 --> 01:25:10,660 ♪ FROM NEBRASKA LAND, SWEET NEBRASKA LAND ♪ 1288 01:25:10,727 --> 01:25:13,429 ♪ UPON THY BURNING SOIL I STAND ♪ 1289 01:25:13,496 --> 01:25:16,933 ♪ AND I LOOK AWAY ACROSS THE PLAINS ♪ 1290 01:25:16,999 --> 01:25:20,335 ♪ AND I WONDER WHY IT NEVER RAINS ♪♪